Self-care strategies and sources of knowledge on menstruation in 12,526 young women with dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea (period pain) is common and affects around three quarters of all young women under the age of 25. The majority of young women, for a variety of reasons, think of period pain as 'normal' and something to be managed or endured. This normalisation of pain often is reinforced by family and friends and results in young women using self-care strategies to manage their pain rather than seeking medical advice. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined observational studies reporting on the prevalence of different types of self-care, both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical, self-rated effectiveness of self-care and the sources of information on menstruation in young women under 25 Methods: A search of Medline, PsychINFO, EMBASE and CINAHL in English was carried out from 1980 to December 2018. Studies that reported on menstrual self-care strategies in young women were included.

Results: Nine hundred and forty-seven articles were screened. Twenty-four studies including 12,526 young women were eligible and included in the meta-analysis. Fifteen studies were from low, lower-middle or upper-middle-income countries (LMIC) and nine studies were from high income countries (HIC). Self-care was used by over half of all young women (55%, 95%CI 34.1-74.3) with both pharmaceutical (48%, 95%CI 40.0-57.0) and non-pharmaceutical (51.8%, 95%CI 31.3-71.7) options used. Paracetamol was the most common analgesic used (28.7%, 95%CI 19.6-39.9) but did not always provide sufficient pain relief in almost half of those using it. Contraceptive use was significantly higher (P<0.001) in HIC (22%) compared to LMIC (1%). Only 11% (95%CI 8.4-15.2) of young women reported seeing a medical doctor for their period pain.

Conclusions: Self-care usage, both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical, was common, but young women were not necessarily choosing the most effective options for pain management. High-quality information on self-care for period pain is urgently needed.

Conflict of interest statement

MA,KP,MaD,CS: As a medical research institute, National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM) receives research grants and donations from foundations, universities, government agencies and industry. Sponsors and donors provide untied and tied funding for work to advance the vision and mission of the Institute. This systematic review was not specifically supported by donor or sponsor funding to NICM. CC, KH, TF, FM: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. PRISMA flow diagram of the search and selection process.

Fig 2. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea by economic status.

Fig 3. Pharmacological analgesia use.

Fig 4. Complementary, traditional or non-pharmacological interventions.

Fig 5. Traditional, complementary or non-pharmacological intervention comparison.