Outcomes of a randomized controlled trial of nutrition education to promote farmers' market fruit and vegetable purchases and consumption among women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Jennifer Di Noia, Dorothy Monica, Alla Sikorskii, Karen Weber Cullen, Jennifer Di Noia, Dorothy Monica, Alla Sikorskii, Karen Weber Cullen

Abstract

Background: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides participants seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (FMNP) vouchers to purchase fruits and vegetables (FV) at farmers' markets and monthly cash value vouchers (CVV) redeemable at farmers' markets. Despite the promise of FMNP vouchers and CVV for improving FV access among WIC participants, voucher redemption rates are low. This study evaluated WIC Fresh Start (WFS), a theory-driven, web-based lesson to promote FV intake, the redemption of CVV at farmers' markets, FMNP voucher redemption, and farmers' market-related knowledge, attitudes, and skills among women enrolled in WIC.

Methods: The lesson was evaluated in a four-arm randomized controlled trial. The setting was a large New Jersey-based WIC agency located in a densely populated, urban area. Participants (N = 744) were stratified based on FMNP voucher receipt and randomized to receive the WFS lesson or WIC online existing health education. Lesson effects on targeted outcomes were examined at posttest (2 weeks after the lesson) and 3 and 6 months after posttesting.

Results: Receipt of the WFS lesson was associated with FMNP voucher redemption (in the subset of participants preferring to speak Spanish); improvements in knowledge of the FMNP, locally grown seasonal items, seasonal items found at farmers' markets in July, WIC-authorized farmers' markets and food- and farmers' market-specific knowledge; ever having purchased and intentions to purchase FV at a farmers' market; FV food safety and preparation skills; and modest gains in the redemption of CVV at farmers' markets. FV intake did not differ over time by trial arm.

Conclusions: Findings aid understanding of effective approaches to promote farmers' market use and farmers' market-related knowledge and skills among WIC participants. Further research is needed to explore factors that may explain the lack of lesson effects on FV intake.

Trial registration: NCT02565706.

Keywords: Cash value voucher; Farmers’ market; Farmers’ market nutrition program; Fruits; Income; Internet; Randomized controlled trial; Vegetables; WIC program.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

© The Author(s). 2017.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow of participants through the trial. WIC indicates Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; FMNP, Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program; WFS, WIC Fresh Start, EHE, online existing health education

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