Alcohol Consumption, Progression of Disease and Other Comorbidities, and Responses to Antiretroviral Medication in People Living with HIV

Manuela G Neuman, Michelle Schneider, Radu M Nanau, Charles Parry, Manuela G Neuman, Michelle Schneider, Radu M Nanau, Charles Parry

Abstract

The present paper describes the possible connection between alcohol consumption and adherence to medicine used to treat human deficiency viral (HIV) infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has a positive influence on longevity in patients with HIV, substantially reducing morbidity and mortality, including resource-poor settings such as South Africa. However, in a systematic comparison of HAART outcomes between low-income and high-income countries in the treatment of HIV-patients, mortality was higher in resource-poor settings. Specifically, in South Africa, patients often suffer from concomitant tuberculosis and other infections that may contribute to these results. Alcohol influences the use of medicine for opportunistic infections (e.g., pneumonia, tuberculosis), or coinfections HIV-hepatitis viruses-B (HBV) and C (HCV), cytomegalovirus, or herpes simplex virus. Furthermore, alcohol use may negatively impact on medication adherence contributing to HIV progression. The materials used provide a data-supported approach. They are based on analysis of published (2006-2011) world literature and the experience of the authors in the specified topic. Intended for use by health care professionals, these recommendations suggest approaches to the therapeutic and preventive aspects of care. Our intention was to fully characterize the quality of evidence supporting recommendations, which are reflecting benefit versus risk, and assessing strength or certainty.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Methods used for literature search.

References

    1. Pithey A, Parry C. Descriptive systematic review of sub-Saharan African studies on the association between alcohol use and HIV infection. SAHARA-J. 2009;6(4):155–169.
    1. Rehm J, Parry CD. Alcohol consumption and infectious diseases in South Africa. The Lancet. 2009;374(9707):p. 2053.
    1. Neuman MG, Monteiro M, Rehm J. Drug interactions between psychoactive substances and antiretroviral therapy in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency and hepatitis viruses. Substance Use and Misuse. 2006;41(10–12):1395–1463.
    1. Núñez M. Hepatotoxicity of antiretrovirals: incidence, mechanisms and management. Journal of Hepatology. 2006;44(1):S132–S139.
    1. Barve S, Kapoor R, Moghe A, et al. Focus on the liver: alcohol use, highly active antiretroviral therapy, and liver disease in HIV infected patients. Alcohol Research and Health. 2010;33(3):229–236.
    1. Rehm J, Samokhvalov AV, Neuman MG, et al. The association between alcohol use, alcohol use disorders and tuberculosis (TB). A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2009;9, article 450
    1. Quintero D, Guidot DM. Focus on the lung. Alcohol Research and Health. 2010;33(3):219–228.
    1. Freiberg MS, Kraemer KL. Focus on the heart: alcohol consumption, HIV infection, and cardiovascular disease. Alcohol Research and Health. 2010;33(3):237–246.
    1. Rosenbloom MJ, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. Focus on the brain: HIV infection and alcoholism comorbidity effects on brain structure and function. Alcohol Research and Health. 2010;33(3):247–257.
    1. Lieber CS. Alcohol and the liver: 1994 update. Gastroenterology. 1994;106(4):1085–1105.
    1. Chaudhry AA, Sulkowski MS, Chander G, Moore RD. Hazardous drinking is associated with an elevated aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index in an urban HIV-infected clinical cohort. HIV Medicine. 2009;10(3):133–142.
    1. Vecchi VL, Soresi M, Colomba C, et al. Transient elastography: a non-invasive tool for assessing liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV patients. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010;16(41):5225–5232.
    1. Rosenthal E, Pialoux G, Bernard N, et al. Liver-related mortality in human-immunodeficiency-virusinfected patients between 1995 and 2003 in the French GERMIVIC joint study group network (MORTAVIC 2003 study) Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2007;14(3):183–188.
    1. Rosenthal E, Salmon-Céron D, Lewden C, et al. Liver-related deaths in HIV-infected patients between 1995 and 2005 in the French GERMIVIC Joint Study Group Network (Mortavic 2005 Study in collaboration with the Mortalité 2005 survey, ANRS EN19) HIV Medicine. 2009;10(5):282–289.
    1. Pol S, Lamorthe B, Thi NT, et al. Retrospective analysis of the impact of HIV infection and alcohol use on chronic hepatitis C in a large cohort of drug users. Journal of Hepatology. 1998;28(6):945–950.
    1. Castellares C, Barreiro P, Martín-Carbonero L, et al. Liver cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients: prevalence, aetiology and clinical outcome. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2008;15(3):165–172.
    1. Lana R, Núñez M, Mendoza JL, Soriano V. Rate and risk factors of liver toxicity in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Medicina Clinica. 2001;117(16):607–610.
    1. Neuman MG. Cytokines—central factors in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Research and Health. 2003;27(4):307–316.
    1. Neuman MG. Apoptosis in diseases of the liver. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 2001;38(2):109–166.
    1. Míguez-Burbano MJ, Lewis JE, Malow R. Alcohol and race/ethnicity elicit different changes in lipid profiles in HIV-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2009;20(3):176–183.
    1. M. Murdoch D, Napravnik S, Eron JJ, Jr., van Rie A. Smoking and predictors of pneumonia among HIV-infected patients receiving care in the HAART era. The Open Respiratory Medicine Journal. 2008;2:22–28.
    1. Grau I, Pallares R, Tubau F, et al. Epidemiologic changes in bacteremic pneumococcal disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2005;165(13):1533–1540.
    1. Corral I, Quereda C, Moreno A, et al. Cerebrovascular ischemic events in HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: incidence and risk factors. Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2009;27(6):559–563.
    1. Ellis RJ, Rosario D, Clifford DB, et al. Continued high prevalence and adverse clinical impact of human immunodeficiency virus-associated sensory neuropathy in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: the CHARTER study. Archives of Neurology. 2010;67(5):552–558.
    1. Baum MK, Rafie C, Lai S, Sales S, Page JB, Campa A. Alcohol use accelerates HIV disease progression. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2010;26(5):511–518.
    1. Fama R, Eisen JC, Rosenbloom MJ, et al. Upper and lower limb motor impairments in alcoholism, HIV infection, and their comorbidity. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research. 2007;31(6):1038–1044.
    1. Fama R, Rosenbloom MJ, Nichols BN, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV. Working and episodic memory in HIV infection, alcoholism, and their comorbidity: baseline and 1-year follow-up examinations. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research. 2009;33(10):1815–1824.
    1. Madeddu G, Porqueddu EM, Cambosu F, et al. Bacterial community acquired pneumonia in HIV-infected inpatients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Infection. 2008;36(3):231–236.
    1. Crum-Cianflone N, Collins G, Medina S, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with liver test abnormalities among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2010;8(2):183–191.
    1. Loko MA, Salmon D, Carrieri P, et al. The French national prospective cohort of patients co-infected with HIV and HCV (ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH): early findings, 2006–2010. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2010;10, article 303
    1. Henrich TJ, Lauder N, Desai MM, Sofair AN. Association of alcohol abuse and injection drug use with immunologic and virologic responses to HAART in HIV-positive patients from urban community health clinics. Journal of Community Health. 2008;33(2):69–77.
    1. Pol S. Improvement of the CD4 cell count after alcohol withdrawal in HIV-positive alcoholic patients. AIDS. 1996;10(11):1293–1294.
    1. Miguez MJ, Shor-Posner G, Morales G, Rodriguez A, Burbano X. HIV treatment in drug abusers: impact of alcohol use. Addiction Biology. 2003;8(1):33–37.
    1. Samet JH, Cheng DM, Libman H, Nunes DP, Alperen JK, Saitz R. Alcohol consumption and HIV disease progression. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2007;46(2):194–199.
    1. Baum MK, Rafie C, Lai S, Sales S, Page JB, Campa A. Alcohol use accelerates HIV disease progression. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2010;26(5):511–518.
    1. Shacham E, Agbebi A, Stamm K, Overton ET. Alcohol consumption is associated with poor health in HIV clinic patient population: a behavioral surveillance study. AIDS and Behavior. 2009;15(1):209–213.
    1. Míguez-Burbano MJ, Lewis JE, Fishman J, Asthana D, Malow RM. The influence of different types of alcoholic beverages on disrupting highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) outcome. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2009;44(4):366–371.
    1. Hessol NA, Kalinowski A, Benning L, et al. Mortality among participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study and the Women’s Interagency HIV Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2007;44(2):287–294.
    1. Braithwaite RS, Conigliaro J, Roberts MS, et al. Estimating the impact of alcohol consumption on survival for HIV+ individuals. AIDS Care. 2007;19(4):459–466.
    1. Robbins GK, Johnson KL, Chang Y, et al. Predicting virologic failure in an HIV clinic. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2010;50(5):779–786.
    1. Hendershot CS, Stoner SA, Pantalone DW, Simoni JM. Alcohol use and antiretroviral adherence: review and meta-analysis. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009;52(2):180–202.
    1. Naar-King S, Arfken C, Frey M, Harris M, Secord E, Ellis D. Psychosocial factors and treatment adherence in paediatric HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care. 2006;18(6):621–628.
    1. Finucane MM, Samet JH, Horton NJ. Translational methods in biostatistics: linear mixed effect regression models of alcohol consumption and HIV disease progression over time. Epidemiologic Perspectives and Innovations. 2007;4, article 8
    1. Lazo M, Gange SJ, Wilson TE, et al. Patterns and predictors of changes in adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy: longitudinal study of men and women. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2007;45(10):1377–1385.
    1. Sankar A, Wunderlich T, Neufeld S, Luborsky M. Sero-positive African Americans’ beliefs about alcohol and their impact on anti-retroviral adherence. AIDS and Behavior. 2007;11(2):195–203.
    1. Sullivan PS, Campsmith ML, Nakamura GV, Begley EB, Schulden J, Nakashima AK. Patient and regimen characteristics associated with self-reported nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy. PLoS ONE. 2007;2(6) Article ID e552.
    1. Leserman J, Ironson G, O’Cleirigh C, Fordiani JM, Balbin E. Stressful life events and adherence in HIV. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2008;22(5):403–411.
    1. Parsons JT, Rosof E, Mustanski B. Medication adherence mediates the relationship between adherence self-efficacy and biological assessments of HIV health among those with alcohol use disorders. AIDS and Behavior. 2008;12(1):95–103.
    1. Plankey M, Bacchetti P, Jin C, et al. Self-perception of body fat changes and HAART adherence in the women’s interagency HIV study. AIDS and Behavior. 2009;13(1):53–59.
    1. Applebaum AJ, Richardson MA, Brady SM, Brief DJ, Keane TM. Gender and other psychosocial factors as predictors of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in adults with comorbid HIV/AIDS, psychiatric and substance-related disorder. AIDS and Behavior. 2009;13(1):60–65.
    1. Arasteh K, Des Jarlais DC. HIV testing and treatment among at-risk drinking injection drug users. Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care. 2009;8(3):196–201.
    1. Kalichman SC, Amaral CM, White D, et al. Prevalence and clinical implications of interactive toxicity beliefs regarding mixing alcohol and antiretroviral therapies among people living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009;23(6):449–454.
    1. Kavasery R, Galai N, Astemborski J, et al. Nonstructured treatment interruptions among injection drug users in Baltimore, MD. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009;50(4):360–366.
    1. Lillie-Blanton M, Stone VE, Snow Jones A, et al. Association of race, substance abuse, and health insurance coverage with use of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected women, 2005. American Journal of Public Health. 2010;100(8):1493–1499.
    1. Lehavot K, Huh D, Walters KL, King KM, Andrasik MP, Simoni JM. Buffering effects of general and medication-specific social support on the association between substance use and HIV medication adherence. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2011;25(3):181–189.
    1. Spire B, Duran S, Souville M, Leport C, Raffi F, Moatti JP. Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) in HIV-infected patients: from a predictive to a dynamic approach. Social Science and Medicine. 2002;54(10):1481–1496.
    1. Roux P, Carrieri MP, Villes V, et al. The impact of methadone or buprenorphine treatment and ongoing injection on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) adherence: evidence from the MANIF2000 cohort study. Addiction. 2008;103(11):1828–1836.
    1. Protopopescu C, Raffi F, Roux P, et al. Factors associated with non-adherence to long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy: a 10 year follow-up analysis with correction for the bias induced by missing data. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2009;64(3):599–606.
    1. Michel L, Carrieri MP, Fugon L, et al. Harmful alcohol consumption and patterns of substance use in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretrovirals (ANRS-EN12-VESPA Study): relevance for clinical management and intervention. AIDS Care. 2010;22(9):1136–1145.
    1. Glass TR, Battegay M, Cavassini M, et al. Longitudinal analysis of patterns and predictors of changes in self-reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy: swiss HIV cohort study. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2010;54(2):197–203.
    1. Södergård B, Halvarsson M, Tully MP, et al. Adherence to treatment in Swedish HIV-infected patients. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2006;31(6):605–616.
    1. Grierson J, Koelmeyer RL, Smith A, Pitts M. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy: factors independently associated with reported difficulty taking antiretroviral therapy in a national sample of HIV-positive Australians. HIV Medicine. 2011;12(9):562–569.
    1. Nachega JB, Knowlton AR, Deluca A, et al. Treatment supporter to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected South African adults: a qualitative study. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2006;43, supplement 1:S127–S133.
    1. Fitzgerald M, Collumbien M, Hosegood V. No one can ask me “Why do you take that stuff?”: men's experiences of antiretroviral treatment in South Africa. AIDS Care. 2010;22(3):355–360.
    1. Jaspan HB, Mueller AD, Myer L, Bekker L-G, Orrell C. Effect of caregivers' depression and alcohol use on child antiretroviral adherence in South Africa. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2011;25(10):595–600.
    1. Manfredi R, Calza L. HIV infection and the pancreas: risk factors and potential management guidelines. International Journal of STD & AIDS. 2008;19(2):99–105.
    1. Beyene KA, Gedif T, Gebre-Mariam T, Engidawork E. Highly active antiretroviral therapy adherence and its determinants in selected hospitals from south and central Ethiopia. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2009;18(11):1007–1015.
    1. Do NT, Phiri K, Bussmann H, Gaolathe T, Marlink RG, Wester CW. Psychosocial factors affecting medication adherence among HIV-1 infected adults receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in Botswana. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2010;26(6):685–691.
    1. Jaquet A, Ekouevi DK, Bashi J, et al. Alcohol use and non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients in West Africa. Addiction. 2010;105(8):1416–1421.
    1. Bonolo PDF, César CC, Acúrcio FA, et al. Non-adherence among patients initiating antiretroviral therapy: a challenge for health professionals in Brazil. AIDS. 2005;19, supplement 4:S5–S13.
    1. De Fátima Bonolo P, Machado CJ, César CC, Ceccato MDGB, Guimarães MDC. Vulnerability and non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV patients, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008;24(11):2603–2613.
    1. Kitkungvan D, Apisarnthanarak A, Laowansiri P, Mundy LM. Secure antiretroviral therapy delivery in a resource-limited setting: streamlined to minimize drug resistance and expense. HIV Medicine. 2008;9(8):636–641.
    1. Venkatesh KK, Srikrishnan AK, Mayer KH, et al. Predictors of nonadherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected South Indians in clinical care: implications for developing adherence interventions in resource-limited settings. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2010;24(12):795–803.
    1. Neblett RC, Hutton HE, Lau B, McCaul ME, Moore RD, Chander G. Alcohol consumption among HIV-infected women: impact on time to antiretroviral therapy and survival. Journal of Women's Health. 2011;20(2):279–286.
    1. Halkitis PN, Kutnick AH, Slater S. The social realities of adherence to protease inhibitor regimens: substance use, health care and psychological states. Journal of Health Psychology. 2005;10(4):545–558.
    1. Smith CJ, Levy I, Sabin CA, Kaya E, Johnson MA, Lipman MCI. Cardiovascular disease risk factors and antiretroviral therapy in an HIV-positive UK population. HIV Medicine. 2004;5(2):88–92.
    1. Kigozi IM, Dobkin LM, Martin JN, et al. Late-disease stage at presentation to an HIV clinic in the era of free antiretroviral therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009;52(2):280–289.
    1. Gardner EM, Burman WJ, Steiner JF, Anderson PL, Bangsberg DR. Antiretroviral medication adherence and the development of class-specific antiretroviral resistance. AIDS. 2009;23(9):1035–1046.
    1. Shuper PA, Neuman M, Kanteres F, Baliunas D, Joharchi N, Rehm J. Causal considerations on alcohol and HIV/AIDS—a systematic review. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2010;45(2):159–166.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorzy i współpracownicy

Warunki medyczne

Interwencje lekowe

3
Subskrybuj