The psychedelic state induced by ayahuasca modulates the activity and connectivity of the default mode network

Fernanda Palhano-Fontes, Katia C Andrade, Luis F Tofoli, Antonio C Santos, Jose Alexandre S Crippa, Jaime E C Hallak, Sidarta Ribeiro, Draulio B de Araujo, Fernanda Palhano-Fontes, Katia C Andrade, Luis F Tofoli, Antonio C Santos, Jose Alexandre S Crippa, Jaime E C Hallak, Sidarta Ribeiro, Draulio B de Araujo

Abstract

The experiences induced by psychedelics share a wide variety of subjective features, related to the complex changes in perception and cognition induced by this class of drugs. A remarkable increase in introspection is at the core of these altered states of consciousness. Self-oriented mental activity has been consistently linked to the Default Mode Network (DMN), a set of brain regions more active during rest than during the execution of a goal-directed task. Here we used fMRI technique to inspect the DMN during the psychedelic state induced by Ayahuasca in ten experienced subjects. Ayahuasca is a potion traditionally used by Amazonian Amerindians composed by a mixture of compounds that increase monoaminergic transmission. In particular, we examined whether Ayahuasca changes the activity and connectivity of the DMN and the connection between the DMN and the task-positive network (TPN). Ayahuasca caused a significant decrease in activity through most parts of the DMN, including its most consistent hubs: the Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC)/Precuneus and the medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC). Functional connectivity within the PCC/Precuneus decreased after Ayahuasca intake. No significant change was observed in the DMN-TPN orthogonality. Altogether, our results support the notion that the altered state of consciousness induced by Ayahuasca, like those induced by psilocybin (another serotonergic psychedelic), meditation and sleep, is linked to the modulation of the activity and the connectivity of the DMN.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Statistical maps showing regions where…
Fig 1. Statistical maps showing regions where BOLD signal of the DMN (rest > task) decreases after Ayahuasca ingestion.
P

Fig 2. Changes in functional connectivity of…

Fig 2. Changes in functional connectivity of DMN.

(A) Connectivity within the PCC/Precuneus decreased after…

Fig 2. Changes in functional connectivity of DMN.
(A) Connectivity within the PCC/Precuneus decreased after Ayahuasca ingestion. (B) Considering only the PCC seed, we can observe that this seed drives the contribution for the decrease in DMN connectivity. Images were thresholded using a cluster corrected pcluster

Fig 3. Task Positive and Default Mode…

Fig 3. Task Positive and Default Mode Networks.

(A) TPN (red) and DMN (blue) masks…

Fig 3. Task Positive and Default Mode Networks.
(A) TPN (red) and DMN (blue) masks are shown. (B) TPN and DMN were anti-correlated when the global signal was regressed out, no significant alterations are observed following Ayahuasca intake. (C) Without regression against global signal, TPN and DMN were positively correlated and no significant changes were observed after Ayahuasca ingestion.
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References
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Contract grant sponsor: The Brazilian Federal Agencies: CNPq, CAPES; FINEP; The Sao Paulo State financial agency (FAPESP). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Fig 2. Changes in functional connectivity of…
Fig 2. Changes in functional connectivity of DMN.
(A) Connectivity within the PCC/Precuneus decreased after Ayahuasca ingestion. (B) Considering only the PCC seed, we can observe that this seed drives the contribution for the decrease in DMN connectivity. Images were thresholded using a cluster corrected pcluster

Fig 3. Task Positive and Default Mode…

Fig 3. Task Positive and Default Mode Networks.

(A) TPN (red) and DMN (blue) masks…

Fig 3. Task Positive and Default Mode Networks.
(A) TPN (red) and DMN (blue) masks are shown. (B) TPN and DMN were anti-correlated when the global signal was regressed out, no significant alterations are observed following Ayahuasca intake. (C) Without regression against global signal, TPN and DMN were positively correlated and no significant changes were observed after Ayahuasca ingestion.
Fig 3. Task Positive and Default Mode…
Fig 3. Task Positive and Default Mode Networks.
(A) TPN (red) and DMN (blue) masks are shown. (B) TPN and DMN were anti-correlated when the global signal was regressed out, no significant alterations are observed following Ayahuasca intake. (C) Without regression against global signal, TPN and DMN were positively correlated and no significant changes were observed after Ayahuasca ingestion.

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