Predictors of pesticide levels in carpet dust collected from child care centers in Northern California, USA

Abstract

Background: Young children may be exposed to pesticides in child care centers, but little is known about determinants of pesticide contamination in these environments.

Objective: Characterize pesticide contamination in early care and education (ECE) centers and identify predictors of pesticide concentrations and loading in dust collected from classroom carpets.

Methods: Carpet dust samples were collected from 51 licensed child care centers in Northern California and analyzed for 14 structural and agricultural pesticides. Program characteristics were collected through administration of director interviews and observational surveys, including an integrated pest management (IPM) inspection. Pesticide use information for the prior year was obtained from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation to characterize structural applications and nearby agricultural pesticide use.

Results: The most frequently detected pesticides were cis-permethrin (98%), trans-permethrin (98%), bifenthrin (94%), fipronil (94%), and chlorpyrifos (88%). Higher bifenthrin levels were correlated with agricultural applications within 3 kilometers, and higher fipronil levels were correlated with professional pesticide applications in the prior year. In multivariable models, higher IPM Checklist scores were associated with lower loading of chlorpyrifos and permethrin. Placement of the sampled area carpet was also a predictor of chlorpyrifos loading. The strongest predictor of higher pesticide loading for the most frequently detected pesticides was location in California's San Joaquin Valley.

Significance: Our findings contribute to the growing understanding that pesticides are ubiquitous in children's environments. Pesticide levels in carpet dust were associated with some factors that ECE directors may have control over, such as IPM practices, and others that are beyond their control, such as geographic location. IPM is an important tool that has the potential to reduce pesticide exposures in ECE environments, even for pesticides no longer in use.

Impact: One million children in California under six years old attend child care programs where they may spend up to 40 h per week. Children are uniquely vulnerable to environmental contaminants; however early care settings are under researched in environmental health studies. Little is known about predictors of pesticide levels found in environmental samples from child care facilities. This study aims to identify behavioral and environmental determinants of pesticide contamination in California child care centers. Findings can empower child care providers and consumers and inform decision makers to reduce children's exposures to pesticides and promote lifelong health.

Keywords: Child Exposure/Health, Children’s Health, Geospatial Analyses, Pesticides, Vulnerable Populations, Empirical/Statistical Models.

Conflict of interest statement

AB is a volunteer member of the Board for The Organic Center, a nonprofit organization addressing scientific issues about organic food and agriculture. None of the other authors declares any actual or potential competing financial interest.

© 2023. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1. Coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for predictors of pesticide levels in ECE carpet dust.

A Predictors modeled against four pesticide concentrations. B Predictors modeled against four pesticide loadings.

Fig. 2. Comparison of pesticide measurements among studies with dust samples from early care and education (ECE) programs.

A Comparison of pesticide detection frequencies among four ECE studies. B Comparison of median pesticide concentrations among four ECE studies. UCSF HCES = University of California, San Francisco, Healthy Children and Environments Study.