Influence of Diabetes during Pregnancy on Human Milk Composition

Chiara Peila, Diego Gazzolo, Enrico Bertino, Francesco Cresi, Alessandra Coscia, Chiara Peila, Diego Gazzolo, Enrico Bertino, Francesco Cresi, Alessandra Coscia

Abstract

Human milk (HM) is a unique nourishment believed to contain biological factors contributing to both short and long-term benefits. Considering that a mother's own milk is often considered the first choice for nutrition of neonates, an aspect of increased interest is the possible effect of diabetes on the mammary gland and therefore on breast milk composition. This article aims to review the published literature on this topic, and to offer additional insights on the role of this disease on the composition of HM. This review was performed by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and Cochrane Library databases. A total of 50 articles were selected, focused specifically on one of the two types of diabetes: gestational diabetes mellitus (21 studies) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (8 studies). Overall, the findings from the literature suggest that diabetes can alter the composition of HM. Nevertheless, the studies in this field are scarce, and the related protocols present some limitations, e.g., evaluating the variability of just a few specific milk biochemical markers in association with this syndrome.

Keywords: breastfeeding; gestational diabetes mellitus; human milk; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; preterm newborn.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of the different phases of the review.

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