Effect of Pre-Season Training on Physiological and Biochemical Indices in Basketball Players-A Systematic Review

Dimitrios Mexis, Tzortzis Nomikos, Nikolaos Kostopoulos, Dimitrios Mexis, Tzortzis Nomikos, Nikolaos Kostopoulos

Abstract

The pre-season period in basketball includes all the physiological attributes that the players need to work on and develop, in order to sustain a full season workload. The monitoring of the effectiveness of pre-season training is based on a variety of biochemical and physiological indices; however, it is still unclear how pre-season training affects those markers. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effects of pre-season training on biochemical and physiological markers. A search was performed in five large scientific databases (Pubmed (Medline), Scopus, Science-Direct, Sport-Discus (EBSCO), Semantic Scholar) and produced 7081 results, which after removing duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulted in 28 published scientific articles being included in this review. The most important findings suggested that the majority of the studies used a 6- or an 8-week pre-season training protocol, because these protocols have shown significant positive effects over the years. In addition, the plyometric training protocols that were used by many studies have been found to be beneficial for basketball athletes for many physiological parameters. Furthermore, the evaluation of biochemical markers can be a very useful tool in monitoring and managing fatigue, which is an essential part of modifying the training process, in order to maximize performance.

Keywords: assessment; basketball; biochemical; physiological; pre-season training.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA Flow Diagram.

References

    1. Portes R., Navarro R., Sosa C., Trapero J., Jiménez S. Monitoring and Interpreting External Load in Basketball: A Narrative Review. Rev. Psicol. Del Deporte J. Sport Psychol. 2019;28:119–131.
    1. Edwards T., Spiteri T., Piggott B., Bonhotal J., Haff G.G., Joyce C. Monitoring and Managing Fatigue in Basketball. Sports. 2018;6:19. doi: 10.3390/sports6010019.
    1. Metaxas T., Koutlianos N., Sendelides T., Mandroukas A. Preseason physiological profile of soccer and basketball players in different divisions. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2009;23:1704–1713. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3e0c5.
    1. Dawes J., Marshall M., Spiteri T. Relationship between pre-season testing performance and playing time among NCAA DII basketball players. Sports Exerc. Med. 2016;2:47–54. doi: 10.17140/SEMOJ-2-138.
    1. Holmberg P. Preseason Preparatory Training for a Division III Women’s College Basketball Team. Strength Cond. 2010;32:42–54. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181fc259d.
    1. Laios A., Theodorakis N. The pre-season training of professional basketball teams in Greece. Int. Sports J. 2002;6:146–152.
    1. Scanlan A., Wen N., Tucker P., Dalbo V. The relationships between internal and external training load models during basketball training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2014;28:2397–2405. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000458.
    1. Ferioli D., Bosio A., Bilsborough J.C., La Torre A., Tornaghi M., Rampinini E. The Preparation Period in Basketball: Training Load and Neuromuscular Adaptations. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2018;13:991–999. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0434.
    1. Staunton C., Wundersitz D., Gordon B., Kingsley M. Discrepancies Exist between Exercise Prescription and Dose in Elite Women’s Basketball Pre-Season. Sports. 2020;8:70. doi: 10.3390/sports8050070.
    1. Pliauga V., Lukonaitiene I., Kamandulis S., Skurvydas A., Sakalauskas R., Scanlan A., Stanislovaitiene J., Conte D. The effect of block and traditional periodization training models on jump and sprint performance in collegiate basketball players. Biol. Sport. 2018;35:373–382. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.78058.
    1. Nikolic A. Plyometric basketball training. Turk. J. Kinesiol. 2018;4:101–105. doi: 10.31459/turkjkin.468867.
    1. Bishop D., Girard O., Mendez-Villanueva A. Repeated-sprint ability—Part II: Recommendations for training. Sports Med. 2011;41:741–756. doi: 10.2165/11590560-000000000-00000.
    1. Heishman A.D., Curtis M.A., Saliba E., Hornett R.J., Malin S.K., Weltman A.L. Non-invasive Assessment of Internal and External Player Load: Implications for Optimizing Athletic Performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018;32:1280–1287. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002413.
    1. Mancha-Triguero D., Garcia-Rubio J., Calleja-Gonzalez J., Ibanez S. Physical fitness in basketball players: A systematic review. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2019;59:1513–1525. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09180-1.
    1. Lee J., Martin J., Wildehain R., Ambegaonkar J. Plyometrics or balance training effects on lower body power, balance and reactive agility in collegiate basketball athletes: A randomized control trial. Turk. J. Sports Med. 2021;56:5–12. doi: 10.47447/tjsm.0472.
    1. Hoffman J., Epstein S., Yarom Y., Zigel L., Einbinder M. Hormonal and Biochemical Changes in Elite Basketball Players during a 4-Week Training Camp. J. Strength Cond. Res. 1999;13:280–285. doi: 10.1519/1533-4287(1999);2.
    1. Zeng J., Xu J., Xu Y., Zhou W., Xu F. Effects of 4-week small-sided games vs. high-intensity interval training with changes of direction in female collegiate basketball players. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2021;17:366–375. doi: 10.1177/17479541211032739.
    1. Plinta R., Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M., Drosdzol-Cop A., Chudek J., Skrzypulec-Plinta V. The effect of three-month pre-season preparatory period and short-term exercise on plasma leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and ghrelin levels in young female handball and basketball players. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2012;35:595–601. doi: 10.3275/8014.
    1. Brown B., Moore G., Kim C., Phelps R. Physiological and Hematological Changes among Basketball Players during Preseason. Res. Q. 1974;45:257–262. doi: 10.1080/10671315.1974.10615270.
    1. Andre M.J., Fry A.C., Luebbers P.E., Hudy A., Dietz P.R., Cain G.J. Weekly salivary biomarkers across a season for elite men collegiate basketball players. Int. J. Exerc. Sci. 2018;11:439–451. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002413.
    1. Marzilli T. The effects of a preseason strength training program on a division II collegiate women’s basketball team. Int. J. Fit. 2008;4:7–14.
    1. Tavino L., Bowers C., Archer C. Effects of Basketball on Aerobic Capacity, Anaerobic Capacity, and Body Composition of Male College Players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 1995;9:75–77. doi: 10.1519/1533-4287(1999);2.
    1. Lukonaitienė I., Kamandulis S., Paulauskas H., Domeika A., Pliauga V., Kreivytė R., Stanislovaitienė J., Conte D. Investigating the workload, readiness and physical performance changes during intensified 3-week preparation periods in female national Under 18 and Under 20 basketball teams. J. Sports Sci. 2020;38:1018–1025. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1738702.
    1. Ferioli D., Bosio A., La Torre A., Carlomagno D., Connolly D.R., Rampinini E. Different training loads partially influence physiological responses to preparation period in basketball. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017;32:790–797. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001823.
    1. Ferioli D., Bosio A., Zois J., La Torre A., Rampinini E. Seasonal changes in physical capacities of basketball players according to competitive levels and individual responses. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0230558. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230558.
    1. Asadi A., Ramirez-Campillo R., Meylan C., Nakamura F.Y., Cañas-Jamett R., Izquierdo M. Effects of volume-based overload plyometric training on maximal-intensity exercise adaptations in young basketball players. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2017;57:1557–1563. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06640-8.
    1. Khlifa R., Aouadi R., Hermassi S., Chelly M.S., Jlid M.C., Hbacha H., Castagna C. Effects of a plyometric training program with and without added load on jumping ability in basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2010;24:2955–2961. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e37fbe.
    1. Gantois P., Batista G.R., Aidar F.J., Nakamura F.Y., de Lima-Junior D.R.A.A., Cirilo-Sousa M.S., de Matos D.G., Cabral B.G. Repeated sprint training improves both anaerobic and aerobic fitness in basketball players. Isokinet. Exerc. Sci. 2019;27:97–105. doi: 10.3233/IES-182212.
    1. Nunes J.A., Moreira A., Crewther B.T., Nosaka K., Viveiros L., Aoki M.S. Monitoring training load, recovery-stress state, immune-endocrine responses, and physical performance in elite female basketball players during a periodized training program. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2014;28:2973–2980. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000499.
    1. Lehnert M., Hůlka K., Malý T., Fohler J., Zahálka F. The effects of a 6 week plyometric training programme on explosive strength and agility in professional basketball players. Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc. Gymn. 2013;43:7–15. doi: 10.5507/ag.2013.019.
    1. Boraczyñski T., Urniaz J. The Effect of Plyometric Training on Strength-Speed Abilities of Basketball Players. J. Phys. Educ. Sport. 2008;14:14–19. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2018.04372.
    1. Borin J.P., Haddad C.R.R., Daniel J.F., Pinheiro A.M., Beneli L.D.M., Fachina R.J., Montagner P.C. Short-term effects of combined training on the performance of the Brazilian women’s basketball team. Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desempenho. Hum. 2019;21:e59839. doi: 10.1590/1980-0037.2019v21e59839.
    1. Gantois P., Aidar F.J., Dantas M.P., da Silva L.M., Paes P.P., Santana E.E., Dantas P.M.d.S., Cabral B.G.d.A.T. Aerobic fitness is associated with improved repeated sprints ability of basketball players after six weeks of training during preseason. Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desempenho Hum. 2018;20:114–124. doi: 10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n1p114.
    1. Asadi A., de Villarreal E., Arazi H. The effects of plyometric type neuromuscular training on postural control performance of male team basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2015;29:1870–1875. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000832.
    1. Wilkerson G.B., Colston M.A., Short N.I., Neal K.L., Hoewischer P.E., Pixley J.J. Neuromuscular Changes in Female Collegiate Athletes Resulting from a Plyometric Jump-Training Program. J. Athl. Train. 2004;39:17–23. PMC385257.
    1. Heishman A., Daub B., Miller R., Freitas E., Bemben M. Monitoring External Training Loads and Neuromuscular Performance for Division I Basketball Players over the Preseason. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2020;19:204–212. PMC7039036.
    1. Savas S., Yuksel M., Uzun A. The Effects of Rapid Strength and Shooting Training Applied to Professional Basketball Players on the Shot Percentage Level. Univers. J. Educ. Res. 2018;6:1569–1574. doi: 10.13189/ujer.2018.060717.
    1. Cherni Y., Jlid M.C., Mehrez H., Shephard R.J., Paillard T., Chelly M.S., Hermassi S. Eight Weeks of Plyometric Training Improves Ability to Change Direction and Dynamic Postural Control in Female Basketball Players. Front. Physiol. 2019;10:726. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00726.
    1. Banda D., Beitzel M., Kammerer J., Salazar I., Lockie R. Lower-Body Power Relationships to Linear Speed, Change-of-Direction Speed, and High-Intensity Running Performance in DI Collegiate Women’s Basketball Players. J. Hum. Kinet. 2019;68:223–232. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0067.
    1. Castagna C., Impellizzeri F., Rampinini E., D’Ottavio S., Manzi V. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test in basketball players. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 2008;11:202–208. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.02.013.
    1. De Araujo G., Manchado-Gobatto F., Papoti M., Camargo B., Gobatto C. Anaerobic and aerobic performances in elite basketball players. J. Hum. Kinet. 2014;42:137–147. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0068.
    1. Hovsepian A., Esfarjani F., Bambaeichi E., Zolaktaf V. The effect of high intensity functional training on the oxidative status, muscle damage and performance of basketball players. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2021;61:188–198. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.20.11094-6.
    1. Schelling X., Gonzalez J., Torres-Ronda L., Terrados N. Testosterone, cortisol, training frequency and playing time in elite basketball player. Int. Sport Med. J. 2014;15:275–284. doi: 10.10520/EJC159076.
    1. Schelling X., Calleja-González J., Torres-Ronda L., Terrados N. Using testosterone and cortisol as biomarker for training individualization in elite basketball: A 4-year follow-up study. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2015;29:368–378. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000642.
    1. Hackney A., Koltun K., Williett H. Menstrual cycle hormonal changes: Estradiol-β-17 and progesterone interactions on exercise fat oxidation. Endocrine. 2022;76:240–242. doi: 10.1007/s12020-022-02998-w.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorzy i współpracownicy

Warunki medyczne

Interwencje lekowe

3
Subskrybuj