Novel Stroke Therapeutics: Unraveling Stroke Pathophysiology and Its Impact on Clinical Treatments

Paul M George, Gary K Steinberg, Paul M George, Gary K Steinberg

Abstract

Stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability in the world. Over the past few decades our understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke has increased, but greater insight is required to advance the field of stroke recovery. Clinical treatments have improved in the acute time window, but long-term therapeutics remain limited. Complex neural circuits damaged by ischemia make restoration of function after stroke difficult. New therapeutic approaches, including cell transplantation or stimulation, focus on reestablishing these circuits through multiple mechanisms to improve circuit plasticity and remodeling. Other research targets intact networks to compensate for damaged regions. This review highlights several important mechanisms of stroke injury and describes emerging therapies aimed at improving clinical outcomes.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pathophysiology of Stroke
Figure 2. Temporal Profile of Changes Induced…
Figure 2. Temporal Profile of Changes Induced by Neural Stem Cell Enhanced Stroke Recovery
This figure was courtesy of Horie et al., 2011. Neurological behavior indicates motor recovery. The asterisk indicates that Avastin affected all parameters except for the ones marked; two asterisks indicate the inconclusive effects of Avastin. BBB, blood-brain barrier; βDG, β-dystroglycan; BVD, blood vessel density; Iba-1, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1; Tie-2, a receptor tyrosine kinase; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

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