Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: the PROPPR randomized clinical trial
John B Holcomb, Barbara C Tilley, Sarah Baraniuk, Erin E Fox, Charles E Wade, Jeanette M Podbielski, Deborah J del Junco, Karen J Brasel, Eileen M Bulger, Rachael A Callcut, Mitchell Jay Cohen, Bryan A Cotton, Timothy C Fabian, Kenji Inaba, Jeffrey D Kerby, Peter Muskat, Terence O'Keeffe, Sandro Rizoli, Bryce R H Robinson, Thomas M Scalea, Martin A Schreiber, Deborah M Stein, Jordan A Weinberg, Jeannie L Callum, John R Hess, Nena Matijevic, Christopher N Miller, Jean-Francois Pittet, David B Hoyt, Gail D Pearson, Brian Leroux, Gerald van Belle, PROPPR Study Group, John B Holcomb, Charles E Wade, Deborah J del Junco, Erin E Fox, Nena Matijevic, Jeanette M Podbielski, Angela M Beeler, Barbara C Tilley, Sarah Baraniuk, Stacia M DeSantis, Hongjian Zhu, Joshua Nixon, Roann Seay, Savitri N Appana, Hui Yang, Michael O Gonzalez, Lisa Baer, Yao-Wei Willa Wang, Brittany S Hula, Elena Espino, An Nguyen, Nicholas Pawelczyk, Kisha D Arora-Nutall, Rishika Sharma, Jessica C Cardenas, Elaheh Rahbar, Tyrone Burnett Jr, David Clark, Gerald van Belle, Susanne May, Brian Leroux, David Hoyt, Judy Powell, Kellie Sheehan, Alan Hubbard, Adam P Arkin, John R Hess, Jeannie L Callum, Jean-Francois Pittet, Christopher N Miller, Bryan A Cotton, Laura Vincent, Timothy Welch, Tiffany Poole, Evan G Pivalizza, Sam D Gumbert, Yu Bai, James J McCarthy, Amy Noland, Rhonda Hobbs, Eileen M Bulger, Patricia Klotz, Lindsay Cattin, Keir J Warner, Angela Wilson, David Boman, Nathan White, Andreas Grabinsky, Jennifer A Daniel-Johnson, Mitchell Jay Cohen, Rachael A Callcut, Mary Nelson, Brittney Redick, Amanda Conroy, Marc P Steurer, Preston C Maxim, Eberhard Fiebig, Joanne Moore, Eireen Mallari, Peter Muskat, Jay A Johannigman, Bryce R H Robinson, Richard D Branson, Dina Gomaa, Christopher Barczak, Suzanne Bennett, Patricia M Carey, Helen Hancock, Carolina Rodriguez, Kenji Inaba, Jay G Zhu, Monica D Wong, Michael Menchine, Kelly Katzberg, Sean O Henderson, Rodney McKeever, Ira A Shulman, Janice M Nelson, Christopher W Tuma, Cheryl Y Matsushita, Thomas M Scalea, Deborah M Stein, Cynthia K Shaffer, Christine Wade, Anthony V Herrera, Seeta Kallam, Sarah E Wade, Samuel M Galvagno Jr, Magali J Fontaine, Janice M Hunt, Rhonda K Cooke, Timothy C Fabian, Jordan A Weinberg, Martin A Croce, Suzanne Wilson, Stephanie Panzer-Baggett, Lynda Waddle-Smith, Sherri Flax, Karen J Brasel, Pamela Walsh, David Milia, Allia Nelson, Olga Kaslow, Tom P Aufderheide, Jerome L Gottschall, Erica Carpenter, Terence O'Keeffe, Laurel L Rokowski, Kurt R Denninghoff, Daniel T Redford, Deborah J Novak, Susan Knoll, Jeffrey D Kerby, Patrick L Bosarge, Albert T Pierce, Carolyn R Williams, Shannon W Stephens, Henry E Wang, Marisa B Marques, Martin A Schreiber, Jennifer M Watters, Samantha J Underwood, Tahnee Groat, Craig Newgard, Matthias Merkel, Richard M Scanlan, Beth Miller, Sandro Rizoli, Homer Tien, Barto Nascimento, Sandy Trpcic, Skeeta Sobrian-Couroux, Marciano Reis, Adic Pérez, Susan E Belo, Lisa Merkley, Connie Colavecchia, John B Holcomb, Barbara C Tilley, Sarah Baraniuk, Erin E Fox, Charles E Wade, Jeanette M Podbielski, Deborah J del Junco, Karen J Brasel, Eileen M Bulger, Rachael A Callcut, Mitchell Jay Cohen, Bryan A Cotton, Timothy C Fabian, Kenji Inaba, Jeffrey D Kerby, Peter Muskat, Terence O'Keeffe, Sandro Rizoli, Bryce R H Robinson, Thomas M Scalea, Martin A Schreiber, Deborah M Stein, Jordan A Weinberg, Jeannie L Callum, John R Hess, Nena Matijevic, Christopher N Miller, Jean-Francois Pittet, David B Hoyt, Gail D Pearson, Brian Leroux, Gerald van Belle, PROPPR Study Group, John B Holcomb, Charles E Wade, Deborah J del Junco, Erin E Fox, Nena Matijevic, Jeanette M Podbielski, Angela M Beeler, Barbara C Tilley, Sarah Baraniuk, Stacia M DeSantis, Hongjian Zhu, Joshua Nixon, Roann Seay, Savitri N Appana, Hui Yang, Michael O Gonzalez, Lisa Baer, Yao-Wei Willa Wang, Brittany S Hula, Elena Espino, An Nguyen, Nicholas Pawelczyk, Kisha D Arora-Nutall, Rishika Sharma, Jessica C Cardenas, Elaheh Rahbar, Tyrone Burnett Jr, David Clark, Gerald van Belle, Susanne May, Brian Leroux, David Hoyt, Judy Powell, Kellie Sheehan, Alan Hubbard, Adam P Arkin, John R Hess, Jeannie L Callum, Jean-Francois Pittet, Christopher N Miller, Bryan A Cotton, Laura Vincent, Timothy Welch, Tiffany Poole, Evan G Pivalizza, Sam D Gumbert, Yu Bai, James J McCarthy, Amy Noland, Rhonda Hobbs, Eileen M Bulger, Patricia Klotz, Lindsay Cattin, Keir J Warner, Angela Wilson, David Boman, Nathan White, Andreas Grabinsky, Jennifer A Daniel-Johnson, Mitchell Jay Cohen, Rachael A Callcut, Mary Nelson, Brittney Redick, Amanda Conroy, Marc P Steurer, Preston C Maxim, Eberhard Fiebig, Joanne Moore, Eireen Mallari, Peter Muskat, Jay A Johannigman, Bryce R H Robinson, Richard D Branson, Dina Gomaa, Christopher Barczak, Suzanne Bennett, Patricia M Carey, Helen Hancock, Carolina Rodriguez, Kenji Inaba, Jay G Zhu, Monica D Wong, Michael Menchine, Kelly Katzberg, Sean O Henderson, Rodney McKeever, Ira A Shulman, Janice M Nelson, Christopher W Tuma, Cheryl Y Matsushita, Thomas M Scalea, Deborah M Stein, Cynthia K Shaffer, Christine Wade, Anthony V Herrera, Seeta Kallam, Sarah E Wade, Samuel M Galvagno Jr, Magali J Fontaine, Janice M Hunt, Rhonda K Cooke, Timothy C Fabian, Jordan A Weinberg, Martin A Croce, Suzanne Wilson, Stephanie Panzer-Baggett, Lynda Waddle-Smith, Sherri Flax, Karen J Brasel, Pamela Walsh, David Milia, Allia Nelson, Olga Kaslow, Tom P Aufderheide, Jerome L Gottschall, Erica Carpenter, Terence O'Keeffe, Laurel L Rokowski, Kurt R Denninghoff, Daniel T Redford, Deborah J Novak, Susan Knoll, Jeffrey D Kerby, Patrick L Bosarge, Albert T Pierce, Carolyn R Williams, Shannon W Stephens, Henry E Wang, Marisa B Marques, Martin A Schreiber, Jennifer M Watters, Samantha J Underwood, Tahnee Groat, Craig Newgard, Matthias Merkel, Richard M Scanlan, Beth Miller, Sandro Rizoli, Homer Tien, Barto Nascimento, Sandy Trpcic, Skeeta Sobrian-Couroux, Marciano Reis, Adic Pérez, Susan E Belo, Lisa Merkley, Connie Colavecchia
Abstract
Importance: Severely injured patients experiencing hemorrhagic shock often require massive transfusion. Earlier transfusion with higher blood product ratios (plasma, platelets, and red blood cells), defined as damage control resuscitation, has been associated with improved outcomes; however, there have been no large multicenter clinical trials.
Objective: To determine the effectiveness and safety of transfusing patients with severe trauma and major bleeding using plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 ratio compared with a 1:1:2 ratio.
Design, setting, and participants: Pragmatic, phase 3, multisite, randomized clinical trial of 680 severely injured patients who arrived at 1 of 12 level I trauma centers in North America directly from the scene and were predicted to require massive transfusion between August 2012 and December 2013.
Interventions: Blood product ratios of 1:1:1 (338 patients) vs 1:1:2 (342 patients) during active resuscitation in addition to all local standard-of-care interventions (uncontrolled).
Main outcomes and measures: Primary outcomes were 24-hour and 30-day all-cause mortality. Prespecified ancillary outcomes included time to hemostasis, blood product volumes transfused, complications, incidence of surgical procedures, and functional status.
Results: No significant differences were detected in mortality at 24 hours (12.7% in 1:1:1 group vs 17.0% in 1:1:2 group; difference, -4.2% [95% CI, -9.6% to 1.1%]; P = .12) or at 30 days (22.4% vs 26.1%, respectively; difference, -3.7% [95% CI, -10.2% to 2.7%]; P = .26). Exsanguination, which was the predominant cause of death within the first 24 hours, was significantly decreased in the 1:1:1 group (9.2% vs 14.6% in 1:1:2 group; difference, -5.4% [95% CI, -10.4% to -0.5%]; P = .03). More patients in the 1:1:1 group achieved hemostasis than in the 1:1:2 group (86% vs 78%, respectively; P = .006). Despite the 1:1:1 group receiving more plasma (median of 7 U vs 5 U, P < .001) and platelets (12 U vs 6 U, P < .001) and similar amounts of red blood cells (9 U) over the first 24 hours, no differences between the 2 groups were found for the 23 prespecified complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ failure, venous thromboembolism, sepsis, and transfusion-related complications.
Conclusions and relevance: Among patients with severe trauma and major bleeding, early administration of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 ratio compared with a 1:1:2 ratio did not result in significant differences in mortality at 24 hours or at 30 days. However, more patients in the 1:1:1 group achieved hemostasis and fewer experienced death due to exsanguination by 24 hours. Even though there was an increased use of plasma and platelets transfused in the 1:1:1 group, no other safety differences were identified between the 2 groups.
Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01545232.
Conflict of interest statement
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: The authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Dr Rizoli reported receiving grant funding from TEM International and CSL Behring. Dr Stein reported serving as an advisor for Decisio Health for which she receives travel reimbursement. No other disclosures were reported.
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Source: PubMed