Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2009, featuring the burden and trends in human papillomavirus(HPV)-associated cancers and HPV vaccination coverage levels

Ahmedin Jemal, Edgar P Simard, Christina Dorell, Anne-Michelle Noone, Lauri E Markowitz, Betsy Kohler, Christie Eheman, Mona Saraiya, Priti Bandi, Debbie Saslow, Kathleen A Cronin, Meg Watson, Mark Schiffman, S Jane Henley, Maria J Schymura, Robert N Anderson, David Yankey, Brenda K Edwards, Ahmedin Jemal, Edgar P Simard, Christina Dorell, Anne-Michelle Noone, Lauri E Markowitz, Betsy Kohler, Christie Eheman, Mona Saraiya, Priti Bandi, Debbie Saslow, Kathleen A Cronin, Meg Watson, Mark Schiffman, S Jane Henley, Maria J Schymura, Robert N Anderson, David Yankey, Brenda K Edwards

Abstract

Background: The American Cancer Society (ACS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) collaborate annually to provide updates on cancer incidence and death rates and trends in these outcomes for the United States. This year's report includes incidence trends for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers and HPV vaccination (recommended for adolescents aged 11-12 years).

Methods: Data on cancer incidence were obtained from the CDC, NCI, and NAACCR, and data on mortality were obtained from the CDC. Long- (1975/1992-2009) and short-term (2000-2009) trends in age-standardized incidence and death rates for all cancers combined and for the leading cancers among men and among women were examined by joinpoint analysis. Prevalence of HPV vaccination coverage during 2008 and 2010 and of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing during 2010 were obtained from national surveys.

Results: Death rates continued to decline for all cancers combined for men and women of all major racial and ethnic groups and for most major cancer sites; rates for both sexes combined decreased by 1.5% per year from 2000 to 2009. Overall incidence rates decreased in men but stabilized in women. Incidence rates increased for two HPV-associated cancers (oropharynx, anus) and some cancers not associated with HPV (eg, liver, kidney, thyroid). Nationally, 32.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 30.3% to 33.6%) of girls aged 13 to 17 years in 2010 had received three doses of the HPV vaccine, and coverage was statistically significantly lower among the uninsured (14.1%, 95% CI = 9.4% to 20.6%) and in some Southern states (eg, 20.0% in Alabama [95% CI = 13.9% to 27.9%] and Mississippi [95% CI = 13.8% to 28.2%]), where cervical cancer rates were highest and recent Pap testing prevalence was the lowest.

Conclusions: The overall trends in declining cancer death rates continue. However, increases in incidence rates for some HPV-associated cancers and low vaccination coverage among adolescents underscore the need for additional prevention efforts for HPV-associated cancers, including efforts to increase vaccination coverage.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Number of new human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated cancers overall, and by sex, in the United States, 2009. Source: National Program of Cancer Registries and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results areas reported by the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries as meeting high-quality incidence data standards for the specified time period. Note that the number of cancer cases underestimates the actual number of cases occurring because of incomplete coverage of population-based registries in 2009 (93%). HPV-associated cancers are defined as cancers at specific anatomic sites and with specific cellular types in which HPV DNA frequently is found. Some of these cancers may not necessarily be HPV-positive because no testing was conducted. Virtually all cervical cancers are due to HPV infection, along with 90% of anal cancers, more than 60% of certain subsites of oropharyngeal cancers, and approximately 40% of vagina, vulva, and penile cancers.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Age-adjusted incidence rates for human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated cancers in the United States by sex and race and ethnicity, 2005 to 2009. The scale of the y axis differs for cervical cancer. The rates for the period from 2005 to 2009 for the five major racial and ethnic groups are from 47 states: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wyoming. Source: National Program of Cancer Registries and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results areas reported by the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries as meeting high-quality incidence data standards for the specified time period. HPV-associated cancers are defined as cancers at specific anatomic sites and with specific cellular types in which HPV DNA frequently is found. Some of these cancers may not necessarily be HPV-positive because no testing was conducted. White, black, Asian/Pacific Islander (API), and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) (IHS Contract Health Services Delivery Area counties) include Hispanic and non-Hispanic; the race and ethnicity categories are not mutually exclusive.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Trends in age-adjusted human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated cancer incidence rates by sex and race and ethnicity in the United States, 2000 to 2009. An asterisk indicates average annual percentage change was statistically significantly different from zero at P less than .05. Trends could not be determined for American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) for cancers of anus, vagina, vulva, and penis because of sparse data. The rates for the period from 2005 to 2009 for the five major racial and ethnic groups are from 42 states: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wyoming. Source: National Program of Cancer Registries and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results areas reported by the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries as meeting high-quality incidence data standards for the specified time period. HPV-associated cancers are defined as cancers at specific anatomic sites and with specific cellular types in which HPV DNA frequently is found. Some of these cancers may not necessarily be HPV-positive because no testing was conducted. White, black, Asian/Pacific Islander (API), and AI/AN (IHS Contract Health Services Delivery Area counties) include Hispanic and non-Hispanic; the race and ethnicity categories are not mutually exclusive.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Three-dose human pappilomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage among girls (aged 13 to 17 years), by state, in the United States, 2010. Source: National Immunization Survey-Teen (NIS-Teen) 2010, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Girls in the 2010 NIS-Teen were born during the period from January 1992 to February 1998 and received either quadrivalent or bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (some girls received more than three doses).
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Scatter plots of human pappilomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage levels (A) and cervical cancer incidence rates (B) by Papanicolao (Pap) testing prevalence by state. P values were obtained by a two-sided t test. r, Pearson correlation coefficient. Three-dose HPV vaccination coverage levels are reported for adolescent girls in the 2010 National Immunization Survey-Teen (NIS-Teen) who were born during the period from January 1992 to February 1998. Girls may have received either quadrivalent or bivalent HPV vaccine. Source: National Immunization Survey-Teen 2008, 2010, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010, 2011. Five-year cervical cancer incidence rates during the period from 2005 to 2009 for women aged 15 years or older are per 100,000 population and standardized to the 2000 US standard population. States with missing rates did not meet North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) quality standards for the specified years and are not included in the reporting of incidence. Source: National Program of Cancer Registries and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program reported by NAACCR as meeting high-quality incidence data standards for the specified time periods. Percentage of women aged 21 to 65 years with intact uteri who received a Pap test in the previous 3 years in 2010. Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Public Use Data Tape 2010, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011.

References

    1. Wingo PA, Ries LA, Rosenberg HM, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality, 1973–1995: a report card for the U.S. Cancer. 1998; 82(6):1197–1207
    1. Wingo PA, Ries LA, Giovino GA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973–1996, with a special section on lung cancer and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91(8):675–690
    1. Ries LA, Wingo PA, Miller DS, et al. The annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973–1997, with a special section on colorectal cancer. Cancer. 2000; 88(10):2398–2424
    1. Howe HL, Wingo PA, Thun MJ, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer (1973 through 1998), featuring cancers with recent increasing trends. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001; 93(11):824–842
    1. Edwards BK, Howe HL, Ries LA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973–1999, featuring implications of age and aging on U.S. cancer burden. Cancer. 2002; 94(10):2766–2792
    1. Weir HK, Thun MJ, Hankey BF, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2000, featuring the uses of surveillance data for cancer prevention and control. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003; 95(17):1276–1299
    1. Jemal A, Clegg LX, Ward E, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2001, with a special feature regarding survival. Cancer. 2004; 101(1):3–27
    1. Edwards BK, Brown ML, Wingo PA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2002, featuring population-based trends in cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005; 97(19):1407–1427
    1. Howe HL, Wu X, Ries LA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2003, featuring cancer among U.S. Hispanic/Latino populations. Cancer. 2006; 107(8):1711–1742
    1. Espey DK, Wu XC, Swan J, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2004, featuring cancer in American Indians and Alaska Natives. Cancer. 2007; 110(10):2119–2152
    1. Jemal A, Thun MJ, Ries LA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2005, featuring trends in lung cancer, tobacco use, and tobacco control. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008; 100(23):1672–1694
    1. Edwards BK, Ward E, Kohler BA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2006, featuring colorectal cancer trends and impact of interventions (risk factors, screening, and treatment) to reduce future rates. Cancer. 2010; 116(3):544–573
    1. Kohler BA, Ward E, McCarthy BJ, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2007, featuring tumors of the brain and other nervous system. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011; 103(9):714–736
    1. Eheman C, Henley SJ, Ballard-Barbash R, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2008, featuring cancers associated with excess weight and lack of sufficient physical activity. Cancer. 2012; 18(9): 2338–2366
    1. Schiffman M, Hildesheim A. Cervical cancer.. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rded. New York: Oxford; 2006; 1044–1067
    1. Mayne S, Morse D, Winn D. Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx.. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rded. New York: Oxford; 2006; 674–696
    1. Frisch M, Melbye M. Anal cancer.. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rded. New York: Oxford; 2006; 830–840
    1. Madeline M, Daling J. Cancers of the vulva and vagina.. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rded. New York: Oxford; 2006; 1068–1074
    1. Wideroff L, Schottenfeld D. Penile cancer.. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rded. New York: Oxford; 2006; 1166–1172
    1. Gillison ML, Chaturvedi AK, Lowy DR. HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. Cancer. 2008; 113(10 Suppl):3036–3046
    1. Bouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, et al. A review of human carcinogens—part B: biological agents. Lancet Oncol. 2009; 10(4):321–322
    1. The FUTURE II Study Group Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(19):1915–1927
    1. Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmeron J, et al. Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): final analysis of a double-blind, randomised study in young women. Lancet. 2009; 374(9686): 301–314
    1. Joura EA, Leodolter S, Hernandez-Avila M, et al. Efficacy of a quadrivalent prophylactic human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like- particle vaccine against high-grade vulval and vaginal lesions: a combined analysis of three randomised clinical trials. Lancet. 2007; 369(9574):1693–1702
    1. Giuliano AR, Palefsky JM, Goldstone S, et al. Efficacy of quadrivalent HPV vaccine against HPV infection and disease in males. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364(5):401–411
    1. Dillner J, Kjaer SK, Wheeler CM, et al. Four year efficacy of prophylactic human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine against low grade cervical, vulvar, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia and anogenital warts: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010; 341 c3493
    1. Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiya M, et al. Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007; 56(RR-2):1–24
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FDA licensure of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV2, Cervarix) for use in females and updated HPV vaccination recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010; 59(20):626–629
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations on the use of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in males—Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011; 60(50):1705–1708
    1. Moyer VA. Screening for cervical cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012; 156(12):880–891
    1. Saslow D, Solomon D, Lawson HW, et al. American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;;62(3):147–172
    1. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin no. 109: Cervical cytology screening. Obstet Gynecol. 2009; 114(6):1409–1420
    1. Pierce Campbell CM, Menezes LJ, Paskett ED, et al. Prevention of invasive cervical cancer in the United States: past, present, and future. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012; 21(9):1402–1408
    1. North American Association of Central Cancer Registries Data Quality Standards Accessed July 27, 2012
    1. World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. 3rded. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2000;
    1. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2009 (Vintage 2009 Populations). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; based on November 2011 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2012
    1. Espey DK, Wiggins CL, Jim MA, et al. Methods for improving cancer surveillance data in American Indian and Alaska Native populations. Cancer. 2008; 113(5 Suppl):1120–1130
    1. National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. Population Estimates Used in NCI’s SEER*Stat Software. Accessed July 27, 2012
    1. National Center for Health Statistics Deaths: final data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2012; 60(3):1–116
    1. Watson M, Saraiya M, Ahmed F, et al. Using population-based cancer registry data to assess the burden of human papillomavirus-associated cancers in the United States: overview of methods. Cancer. 2008; 113(10 Suppl):2841–2854
    1. Singh G, Miller B, Hankey B, et al. Area Socioeconomic Variations in U.S. Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Stage, Treatment, and Survival, 1975–1999. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2003.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Immunization Survey-Teen: A User’s Guide for the 2008 Public-Use Data File. Accessed August 14, 2012
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Immunization Survey-Teen: A User’s Guide for the 2010 Public-Use Data File. Accessed August 14, 2012
    1. Jain N, Singleton JA, Montgomery M, et al. Determining accurate vaccination coverage rates for adolescents: the National Immunization Survey-Teen 2006. Public Health Rep. 2009; 124(5):642–651
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines for Children Program (VFC). Accessed July 27, 2012
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Data. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Accessed July 27, 2012;
    1. US Bureau of the Census Population Estimates. Accessed July 27, 2012
    1. National Center for Health Statistics Postcensal Estimates of the Resident Population of the United States for July 1, 2000–July 1, 2009, by Year, County, Single-Year of age (0, 1, 2, .., 85 years and over), Bridged Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex (Vintage 2009). Accessed August 9, 2012;
    1. Anderson RN, Rosenberg HM. Age standardization of death rates: implementation of the year 2000 standard. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 1998; 47(3): 1–16, 20
    1. Tiwari RC, Clegg LX, Zou Z. Efficient interval estimation for age-adjusted cancer rates. Stat Methods Med Res. 2006; 15(6):547–569
    1. Kim HJ, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, et al. Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med. 2000; 19(3):335–351
    1. Clegg LX, Hankey BF, Tiwari R, et al. Estimating average annual per cent change in trend analysis. Stat Med. 2009; 28(29):3670–3682
    1. Clegg LX, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN, et al. Impact of reporting delay and reporting error on cancer incidence rates and trends. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002; 94(20):1537–1545
    1. RTI International SUDAAN Language Manual, Release 10.0. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute; 2008.
    1. Armstrong GL, Wasley A, Simard EP, et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144(10):705–714
    1. Jemal A, Saraiya M, Patel P, et al. Recent trends in cutaneous melanoma incidence and death rates in the United States, 1992–2006. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011; 65(5 Suppl 1):S17–25 e1–3
    1. Simard EP, Ward EM, Siegel R, et al. Cancers with increasing incidence trends in the United States: 1999 through 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012; 62(2) 118–128
    1. Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973–2002. JAMA. 2006; 295(18):2164–2167
    1. Davies L, Ouellette M, Hunter M, et al. The increasing incidence of small thyroid cancers: where are the cases coming from?. Laryngoscope. 2010; 120(12):2446–2451
    1. Chen AY, Jemal A, Ward EM. Increasing incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer in the United States, 1988–2005. Cancer. 2009; 115(16): 3801–3807
    1. Aschebrook-Kilfoy B, Sabra MM, Brenner A, et al. Diabetes and thyroid cancer risk in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Thyroid. 2011; 21(9):957–963
    1. Jayson M, Sanders H. Increased incidence of serendipitously discovered renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 1998; 51(2):203–205
    1. Ravdin PM, Cronin KA, Howlader N, et al. The decrease in breast- cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(16): 1670–1674
    1. Jemal A, Ward E, Thun MJ. Recent trends in breast cancer incidence rates by age and tumor characteristics among U.S. women. Breast Cancer Res. 2007; 9(3):R28
    1. Colditz G, Baer H, Tamimi R. Breast cancer.. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. New York: Oxford; 2006; 959–974
    1. Kalager M, Adami HO, Bretthauer M, et al. Overdiagnosis of invasive breast cancer due to mammography screening: results from the Norwegian screening program. Ann Intern Med. 2012; 156(7):491–499
    1. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2008. JAMA. 2010; 303(3):235–241
    1. Breen N, Gentleman JF, Schiller JS. Update on mammography trends: comparisons of rates in 2000, 2005, and 2008. Cancer. 2011; 117(10):2209–2218
    1. Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, et al. Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29(32):4294–4301
    1. Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Anderson WF, et al. Incidence trends for human papillomavirus-related and -unrelated oral squamous cell carcinomas in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26(4):612–619
    1. Johnson-Obaseki S, McDonald JT, Corsten M, et al. Head and neck cancer in Canada: trends 1992 to 2007. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;;147(1):74–78
    1. Blomberg M, Nielsen A, Munk C, et al. Trends in head and neck cancer incidence in Denmark, 1978–2007: focus on human papillomavirus associated sites. Int J Cancer. 2011; 129(3):733–741
    1. Ramqvist T, Dalianis T. An epidemic of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and aspects of treatment and prevention. Anticancer Res. 2011; 31(5):1515–1519
    1. Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2009; 45(4–5):309–316
    1. Frisch M, Glimelius B, van den Brule AJ, et al. Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337(19):1350–1358
    1. Cress RD, Holly EA. Incidence of anal cancer in California: increased incidence among men in San Francisco, 1973–1999. Prev Med. 2003; 36(5):555–560
    1. Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Chaturvedi AK, et al. Impact of the HIV epidemic on the incidence rates of anal cancer in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;;104(20):1591–1598
    1. Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Newcomer LM, et al. Anal cancer incidence and survival: the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results experience, 1973–2000. Cancer. 2004; 101(2):281–288
    1. Jin F, Stein AN, Conway EL, et al. Trends in anal cancer in Australia, 1982–2005. Vaccine. 2011; 29(12):2322–2327
    1. Nielsen A, Munk C, Kjaer SK. Trends in incidence of anal cancer and high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia in Denmark, 1978–2008. Int J Cancer. 2012; 130(5):1168–1173
    1. Robinson D, Coupland V, Moller H. An analysis of temporal and generational trends in the incidence of anal and other HPV-related cancers in Southeast England. Br J Cancer. 2009; 100(3):527–531
    1. Saraiya M, Watson M, Wu X, et al. Incidence of in situ and invasive vulvar cancer in the US, 1998–2003. Cancer. 2008; 113(10 Suppl):2865–2872
    1. Benard VB, Lawson HW, Eheman CR, et al. Adherence to guidelines for follow-up of low-grade cytologic abnormalities among medically underserved women. Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 105(6):1323–1328
    1. Becker TM, Espey DK, Lawson HW, et al. Regional differences in cervical cancer incidence among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1999–2004. Cancer. 2008; 113(5 Suppl):1234–1243
    1. Scarinci IC, Garcia FA, Kobetz E, et al. Cervical cancer prevention: new tools and old barriers. Cancer. 2010; 116(11):2531–2542
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cancer screening—United States, 2010 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012; 61(3):41–45
    1. Nanda K, McCrory DC, Myers ER, et al. Accuracy of the Papanicolaou test in screening for and follow-up of cervical cytologic abnormalities: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 132(10):810–819
    1. Wang SS, Sherman ME, Hildesheim A, et al. Cervical adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma incidence trends among white women and black women in the United States for 1976–2000. Cancer. 2004; 100(5):1035–1044
    1. Arbyn M, Castellsague X, de Sanjose S, et al. Worldwide burden of cervical cancer in 2008. Ann Oncol. 2011; 22(12):2675–2686
    1. de Martel C, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, et al. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2012; 13(6):607–615
    1. Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Reducing HPV-associated cancer globally. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2012; 5(1):18–23
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National and state vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years—United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011; 60(33):1117–1123
    1. US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People. 2020; Accessed August 14, 2012
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Progress toward implementation of human papillomavirus vaccination—the Americas, 2006–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011; 60(40):1382–1384
    1. Sheridan A, White J. for the Department of Health. Annual HPV Vaccine Coverage in England in 2009/2010. [published online ahead of print January 27, 2011]. Accessed November 15, 2012.
    1. Garland SM, Skinner SR, Brotherton JM. Adolescent and young adult HPV vaccination in Australia: achievements and challenges. Prev Med. 2011; 53(Suppl 1):S29–S35
    1. Szilagyi PG, Bordley C, Vann JC, et al. Effect of patient reminder/recall interventions on immunization rates: a review. JAMA. 2000; 284(14): 1820–1827
    1. Jacobson VJ, Szilagyi P. Patient reminder and patient recall systems to improve immunization rates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;;(3): CD003941
    1. McCauley MM, Fishbein DB, Santoli JM. Introduction: strengthening the delivery of new vaccines for adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008; 121(Suppl 1):S1–S4
    1. Bugenske E, Stokley S, Kennedy A, et al. Middle school vaccination requirements and adolescent vaccination coverage. Pediatrics. 2012; 129(6): 1056–1063
    1. Dorell CG, Yankey D, Santibanez TA, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination series initiation and completion, 2008–2009. Pediatrics. 2011; 128(5):830–839
    1. Daley MF, Crane LA, Markowitz LE, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination practices: a survey of US physicians 18 months after licensure. Pediatrics. 2010; 126(3):425–433
    1. Rosenthal SL, Weiss TW, Zimet GD, et al. Predictors of HPV vaccine uptake among women aged 19–26: importance of a physician’s recommendation. Vaccine. 2011; 29(5):890–895
    1. Dorell C, Yankey D, Strasser S. Parent-reported reasons for nonreceipt of recommended adolescent vaccinations, national immunization survey: teen, 2009. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011; 50(12):1116–1124
    1. Vadaparampil ST, Kahn JA, Salmon D, et al. Missed clinical opportunities: provider recommendations for HPV vaccination for 11–12 year old girls are limited. Vaccine. 2011; 29(47):8634–8641
    1. Freed GL, Cowan AE, Clark SJ. Primary care physician perspectives on reimbursement for childhood immunizations. Pediatrics. 2009; 124(Suppl 5):S466–S471
    1. Kahn JA, Cooper HP, Vadaparampil ST, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccine recommendations and agreement with mandated human papillomavirus vaccination for 11-to-12-year-old girls: a statewide survey of Texas physicians. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009; 18(8):2325–2332
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Immunization Services Division, Program Operations Branch, Program Annual Report and Progress Assessments. Accessed July 27, 2012
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccine-preventable diseases: improving vaccination coverage in children, adolescents, and adults A report on recommendations from the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1999; 48(RR-8):1–15
    1. Horlick G, Shaw FE, Gorji M, et al. Delivering new vaccines to adolescents: the role of school-entry laws. Pediatrics. 2008; 121(Suppl 1):S79–S84
    1. Orenstein WA, Hinman AR. The immunization system in the United States—the role of school immunization laws. Vaccine. 1999; 17(Suppl 3):S19–S24
    1. Immunization Action Coalition State Mandates on Immunization and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Accessed July 27, 2012
    1. National Conference of State Legislatures HPV Vaccine: State Legislation and Statutes. Accessed July 27, 2012
    1. Frisch M, Smith E, Grulich A, et al. Cancer in a population-based cohort of men and women in registered homosexual partnerships. Am J Epidemiol. 2003; 157(11):966–972
    1. Ward E, Jemal A, Cokkinides V, et al. Cancer disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. CA Cancer J Clin. 2004; 54(2):78–93
    1. Arias E, Schauman WS, Eschbach K, et al. The validity of race and Hispanic origin reporting on death certificates in the United States. Vital Health Stat 2. 2008;;(148):1–23
    1. Howlader N, Ries LA, Stinchcomb DG, et al. The impact of underreported Veterans Affairs data on national cancer statistics: analysis using population-based SEER registries. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009; 101(7):533–536
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers—United States, 2004–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012; 61(15) 258–261
    1. Copeland KR, Dorell C, Khare M, et al. . Assessment of bias in the National Immunization Survey-Teen: an updated benchmark to the National Health Interview Survey. Paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research Annual Conference May 2010; Chicago, IL
    1. Rauscher GH, Johnson TP, Cho YI, et al. Accuracy of self-reported cancer-screening histories: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008; 17(4):748–757
    1. Jemal A, Ward E, Thun M. Declining death rates reflect progress against cancer. PLoS One. 2010; 5(3):e9584
    1. Chaturvedi AK, Madeleine MM, Biggar RJ, et al. Risk of human papillomavirus-associated cancers among persons with AIDS. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009; 101(16):1120–1130
    1. Simard EP, Pfeiffer RM, Engels EA. Spectrum of cancer risk late after AIDS onset in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170(15):1337–1345
    1. Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Gail MH, et al. Cancer burden in the HIV-infected population in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011; 103(9):753–762
    1. Donovan B, Franklin N, Guy R, et al. Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination and trends in genital warts in Australia: analysis of national sentinel surveillance data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011; 11(1):39–44
    1. Read TR, Hocking JS, Chen MY, et al. The near disappearance of genital warts in young women 4 years after commencing a national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme. Sex Transm Infect. 2011; 87(7):544–547
    1. Smith MA, Lew JB, Walker RJ, et al. The predicted impact of HPV vaccination on male infections and male HPV-related cancers in Australia. Vaccine. 2011; 29(48):9112–9122
    1. Kreimer AR, Rodriguez AC, Hildesheim A, et al. Proof-of-principle evaluation of the efficacy of fewer than three doses of a bivalent HPV16/18 vaccine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011; 103(19):1444–1451
    1. Dunne EF, Datta SD, L EM. A review of prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines: recommendations and monitoring in the US. Cancer. 2008; 113(10 Suppl):2995–3003
    1. Romanowski B, de Borba PC, Naud PS, et al. Sustained efficacy and immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine: analysis of a randomised placebo-controlled trial up to 6.4 years. Lancet. 2009; 374(9706):1975–1985
    1. Gee J, Naleway A, Shui I, et al. Monitoring the safety of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: findings from the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Vaccine. 2011; 29(46):8279–8284
    1. Goldie SJ, Kuntz KM, Weinstein MC, et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in homosexual and bisexual HIV-positive men. JAMA. 1999; 281(19):1822–1829
    1. Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Palefsky JM, et al. Screening HIV-infected individuals for anal cancer precursor lesions: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 43(2):223–233

Source: PubMed

Sponsorzy i współpracownicy

Warunki medyczne

Interwencje lekowe

3
Subskrybuj