Preoperative Comparison of Three Anticholinergic Drug Scales in Older Adult Patients and Development of Postoperative Delirium: A Prospective Observational Study

Maria Heinrich, Anika Müller, Andela Cvijan, Rudolf Mörgeli, Jochen Kruppa, Georg Winterer, Arjen J C Slooter, Claudia D Spies, BioCog Consortium, Maria Heinrich, Anika Müller, Andela Cvijan, Rudolf Mörgeli, Jochen Kruppa, Georg Winterer, Arjen J C Slooter, Claudia D Spies, BioCog Consortium

Abstract

Background: Postoperative delirium (POD) is a frequent and serious complication after surgery. Evidence of a relationship between anticholinergic medication and the development of delirium is inconclusive, but studies on POD are rare.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the anticholinergic load of preoperative medication in older adult patients and its association with the development of POD.

Methods: This investigation was part of the European BioCog project ( http://www.biocog.eu ), a prospective multicenter observational study in older adult surgical patients (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02265263, 15 October 2014). Patients with a Mini-Mental State Examination score ≤ 23 points were excluded. POD was assessed up to 7 days after surgery using the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale, Confusion Assessment Method and a patient chart review. The preoperative anticholinergic load was calculated using the Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS), the Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS) and the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale (ACBS), and associations with POD were analyzed using logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, comorbidities, duration of anesthesia and number of drugs used.

Results: In total, 837 participants were included for analysis, and 165 patients (19.7%) fulfilled the criteria of POD. After adjusting for confounders, we found no association between preoperative anticholinergic load and the development of POD (ADS [points] odds ratio [OR] 0.928; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.749-1.150; ARS [points] OR 0.832; 95% CI 0.564-1.227; ACBS [points] OR 1.045; 95% CI 0.842-1.296).

Conclusion: This study found no association between the anticholinergic load of drugs used preoperatively and the development of POD in older adult patients without severe preexisting cognitive impairment. Future analyses should examine the influence of intra- and postoperative administration of anticholinergic drugs as well as dosages of and interactions between medications.

Conflict of interest statement

Maria Heinrich is a participant in the Charité Digital Clinician Scientist Program funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Maria Heinrich, Anika Müller, Andela Cvijan, Rudolf Mörgeli, Jochen Kruppa, Georg Winterer, Arjen J. C. Slooter and Claudia D. Spies have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow chart of study participant selection. POD postoperative delirium

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