A distinct fatty acid profile underlies the reduced inflammatory state of metabolically healthy obese individuals

Maude Perreault, Michael A Zulyniak, Flavia Badoud, Susan Stephenson, Alaa Badawi, Andrea Buchholz, David M Mutch, Maude Perreault, Michael A Zulyniak, Flavia Badoud, Susan Stephenson, Alaa Badawi, Andrea Buchholz, David M Mutch

Abstract

Background: Obesity is associated with numerous health complications; however, a subgroup of obese individuals (termed the metabolically healthy obese or MHO) appear to have lower risk for complications such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Emerging evidence suggests that MHO individuals have reduced inflammation compared to their metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) counterparts. As it is recognized that fatty acids (FAs) have a strong relationship with inflammation, the current study aimed to uncover if the reduced inflammation observed in MHO individuals is mirrored by a more favourable FA profile.

Methods: Fasted serum samples were collected from lean healthy (LH), MHO, and MUO participants (n = 10/group) recruited from the Diabetes Risk Assessment study. A panel of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers were measured by immunoassay. Total serum FA profiling, as well as the FA composition of circulating phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG), was measured by gas chromatography. ANOVA and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests were used to assess statistical significance between the groups (P<0.05).

Results: MHO and MUO individuals had similar BMI and body fat %; however, lipid parameters in MHO individuals more closely resembled that of LH individuals. MHO individuals had circulating levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) similar to LH individuals, while levels of platelet derived growth factor-ββ (PDGF-ββ) were intermediate to that of LH and MUO individuals. FA profiling analysis combined with discriminant analysis modelling highlighted a panel of nine FAs (consisting of three saturated, three monounsaturated, and three polyunsaturated FAs) in PL and TG fractions that distinguished the three groups. Specifically, saturated FA (myristic and stearic acids) levels in MHO individuals resembled that of LH individuals.

Conclusion: Our results suggest that the reduced inflammatory state of MHO individuals compared to MUO individuals may stem, in part, from a more favourable underlying FA profile.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1. Comparison of mean fasting concentrations…
Figure 1. Comparison of mean fasting concentrations of inflammatory markers between groups.
(A) high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP, mg/mL), (B) interleukin-6 (IL-6, pg/mL), (C) platelet-derived growth factor ββ (PDGF-ββ, pg/mL), and (D) high molecular weight adiponectin (HMW adiponectin, ng/mL) in lean healthy (LH), metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) groups (n = 10/group). A non-parametric ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a post-hoc Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test was used to determine differences between groups. Bars not sharing the same letter are statistically different (P<0.05). White bars = LH; grey bars = MHO; and black bars = MUO.
Figure 2. Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminatory…
Figure 2. Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminatory Analysis (OPLS-DA) corresponding to the fatty acid profile from serum phospholipid and triglyceride fractions.
The fatty acid (FA) profiles from serum phospholipid (PL) and triglyceride (TG) fractions (expressed as relative % values) were analyzed for their ability to distinguish lean healthy (LH), metabolically healthy obese (MHO), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) individuals (n = 10/group). The OPLS-DA parameters obtained revealed 58% of inter-group variability and 32% of prediction ability (R2Ycum = 0.58, Q2Ycum = 0.32, CV-ANOVA = 0.05).
Figure 3. Mean relative percentage values of…
Figure 3. Mean relative percentage values of fatty acids identified in the serum phospholipid and triglyceride fraction.
Fatty acids (FAs) meeting a VIP>1 in our OPLS-DA model were individually assessed between the three groups using a non-parametric ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a post-hoc Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. Bars not sharing the same letter are statistically different (P

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