Light and myopia: from epidemiological studies to neurobiological mechanisms

Arumugam R Muralidharan, Carla Lança, Sayantan Biswas, Veluchamy A Barathi, Low Wan Yu Shermaine, Saw Seang-Mei, Dan Milea, Raymond P Najjar, Arumugam R Muralidharan, Carla Lança, Sayantan Biswas, Veluchamy A Barathi, Low Wan Yu Shermaine, Saw Seang-Mei, Dan Milea, Raymond P Najjar

Abstract

Myopia is far beyond its inconvenience and represents a true, highly prevalent, sight-threatening ocular condition, especially in Asia. Without adequate interventions, the current epidemic of myopia is projected to affect 50% of the world population by 2050, becoming the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Although blurred vision, the predominant symptom of myopia, can be improved by contact lenses, glasses or refractive surgery, corrected myopia, particularly high myopia, still carries the risk of secondary blinding complications such as glaucoma, myopic maculopathy and retinal detachment, prompting the need for prevention. Epidemiological studies have reported an association between outdoor time and myopia prevention in children. The protective effect of time spent outdoors could be due to the unique characteristics (intensity, spectral distribution, temporal pattern, etc.) of sunlight that are lacking in artificial lighting. Concomitantly, studies in animal models have highlighted the efficacy of light and its components in delaying or even stopping the development of myopia and endeavoured to elucidate possible mechanisms involved in this process. In this narrative review, we (1) summarize the current knowledge concerning light modulation of ocular growth and refractive error development based on studies in human and animal models, (2) summarize potential neurobiological mechanisms involved in the effects of light on ocular growth and emmetropization and (3) highlight a potential pathway for the translational development of noninvasive light-therapy strategies for myopia prevention in children.

Keywords: animal models; dopamine; light; myopia; neurobiology; outdoor activity.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

© The Author(s), 2021.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Average myopia prevalence: (a) in young adults of East Asian Countries during 2012–2020 and (b) in Singapore across different age groups during 1999–2001.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Schematic representation of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, choroid, and sclera with corresponding molecules modulated by light stimulation.

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