Effect of Extra Virgin Olive Oil on Biomarkers of Inflammation in HIV-Infected Patients: A Randomized, Crossover, Controlled Clinical Trial

Sanja Kozić Dokmanović, Krunoslava Kolovrat, Renata Laškaj, Vedrana Jukić, Nada Vrkić, Josip Begovac, Sanja Kozić Dokmanović, Krunoslava Kolovrat, Renata Laškaj, Vedrana Jukić, Nada Vrkić, Josip Begovac

Abstract

Background: Premature atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients is associated with chronic infection by itself and adverse effects of antiretroviral treatment (ART). Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system because of its anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to determine whether the consumption of EVOO improves inflammation and atherosclerosis biomarkers in HIV-infected patients receiving ART.

Material and methods: This randomized, crossover, controlled trial included 39 HIV-positive male participants who consumed 50 mL of EVOO or refined olive oil (ROO) daily. Four participants dropped out of the study. Leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6, fibrinogen, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, glutathione-peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, oxidized LDL and von Willebrand factor were determined before the first and after each of the 2 intervention periods. Intervention and washout periods lasted for 20 and 14 days, respectively.

Results: In participants with >90% compliance (N=30), hsCRP concentrations were lower after EVOO intervention (geometric mean [GM], 1.70 mg/L; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-2.52) compared to ROO administration (GM, 2.92 mg/L; 95% CI, 1.95-4.37) (p=0.035). In participants using lopinavir/ritonavir, ESR and hsCRP concentrations decreased 62% and 151%, respectively, after EVOO administration. In the whole study population (N=35) we found no difference in analyzed biomarkers after EVOO administration.

Conclusions: Our exploratory study suggests that EVOO consumption could lower hsCRP in patients on ART.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00925795.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow of participants through the trial. EVOO – extra virgin olive oil. ROO – refined olive oil.
Figure 2
Figure 2
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) values after extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and refined olive oil (ROO) administration in a crossover study of 30 HIV-infected patients who completed at least 1 intervention period and had > 90% adherence. Data are plotted on a logarithmic scale to reduce positive skewness in the distributions. The geometric mean with 95% confidence intervals is presented (P=0.035 for comparison of EVOO and ROO consumption).
Figure 3
Figure 3
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) values at baseline and after extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and refined olive oil (ROO) administration in a crossover study with a subanalysis of 10 patients receiving the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir. Data are plotted on a logarithmic scale to reduce positive skewness in the distributions. The horizontal line is the geometric mean with 95% confidence interval (P

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