Hypoxia Differentially Affects Healthy Men and Women During a Daytime Nap With a Dose-Response Relationship: a Randomized, Cross-Over Pilot Study

Alain Riveros-Rivera, Thomas Penzel, Hanns-Christian Gunga, Oliver Opatz, Friedemann Paul, Lars Klug, Michael Boschmann, Anja Mähler, Alain Riveros-Rivera, Thomas Penzel, Hanns-Christian Gunga, Oliver Opatz, Friedemann Paul, Lars Klug, Michael Boschmann, Anja Mähler

Abstract

Context: The use of daytime napping as a countermeasure in sleep disturbances has been recommended but its physiological evaluation at high altitude is limited. Objective: To evaluate the neuroendocrine response to hypoxic stress during a daytime nap and its cognitive impact. Design, Subject, and Setting: Randomized, single-blind, three period cross-over pilot study conducted with 15 healthy lowlander subjects (8 women) with a mean (SD) age of 29(6) years (Clinicaltrials identifier: NCT04146857, https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT04146857?cond=napping&draw=3&rank=12). Interventions: Volunteers underwent a polysomnography, hematological and cognitive evaluation around a 90 min midday nap, being allocated to a randomized sequence of three conditions: normobaric normoxia (NN), normobaric hypoxia at FiO2 14.7% (NH15) and 12.5% (NH13), with a washout period of 1 week between conditions. Results: Primary outcome was the interbeat period measured by the RR interval with electrocardiogram. Compared to normobaric normoxia, RR during napping was shortened by 57 and 206 ms under NH15 and NH13 conditions, respectively (p < 0.001). Sympathetic predominance was evident by heart rate variability analysis and increased epinephrine levels. Concomitantly, there were significant changes in endocrine parameters such as erythropoietin (∼6 UI/L) and cortisol (∼100 nmol/L) (NH13 vs. NN, p < 0.001). Cognitive evaluation revealed changes in the color-word Stroop test. Additionally, although sleep efficiency was preserved, polysomnography showed lesser deep sleep and REM sleep, and periodic breathing, predominantly in men. Conclusion: Although napping in simulated altitude does not appear to significantly affect cognitive performance, sex-dependent changes in cardiac autonomic modulation and respiratory pattern should be considered before napping is prescribed as a countermeasure.

Keywords: autonomic nervous system; high altitude (low air pressure); hypoxia; napping; physiological stress; sleep.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2022 Riveros-Rivera, Penzel, Gunga, Opatz, Paul, Klug, Boschmann and Mähler.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
CONSORT 2010 flow diagram (A) and study protocol (B).
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Correlations of after nap stress hormone levels (EPO, cortisol, norepinephrine) with HRV parameters measured after, during and after the nap. Positive correlations are displayed in light gray and negative correlations in dark gray. Circle size and intensity are proportional to the correlation coefficients. *p < 0.05 (Pearson’s r).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) (A) and cortisol (B) and erythropoietin (EPO) (C) concentrations after a 90 min nap under normoxic (NN) and hypoxic conditions (NH15: FiO2 14.7, NH13: FiO2 12.5) in healthy men (n = 7) and women (n = 8). Data as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001 (Linear Mixed Model). Frequency of high concentration of epinephrine and dopamine (D). Missing data due to blood specimen damage during processing.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) (A) and Periodic Breathing Index (PBI) (B) during a 90 min nap under normoxic (NN) and hypoxic conditions (NH15: FiO2 14.7, NH13: FiO2 12.5) in healthy men (n = 7) and women (n = 8).

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