Community-level epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminths in the context of school-based deworming: Baseline results of a cluster randomised trial on the coast of Kenya

Katherine E Halliday, William E Oswald, Carlos Mcharo, Emma Beaumont, Paul M Gichuki, Stella Kepha, Stefan S Witek-McManus, Sultani H Matendechero, Hajara El-Busaidy, Redempta Muendo, Athuman N Chiguzo, Jorge Cano, Mary W Karanja, Leah W Musyoka, Tuva K Safari, Lennie N Mutisya, Idris J Muye, Maureen A Sidigu, Roy M Anderson, Elizabeth Allen, Simon J Brooker, Charles S Mwandawiro, Sammy M Njenga, Rachel L Pullan, Katherine E Halliday, William E Oswald, Carlos Mcharo, Emma Beaumont, Paul M Gichuki, Stella Kepha, Stefan S Witek-McManus, Sultani H Matendechero, Hajara El-Busaidy, Redempta Muendo, Athuman N Chiguzo, Jorge Cano, Mary W Karanja, Leah W Musyoka, Tuva K Safari, Lennie N Mutisya, Idris J Muye, Maureen A Sidigu, Roy M Anderson, Elizabeth Allen, Simon J Brooker, Charles S Mwandawiro, Sammy M Njenga, Rachel L Pullan

Abstract

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02397772.

Conflict of interest statement

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: RMA was a nonexecutive director of GlaxoSmithKline during the course of the trial. SJB is currently employed by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), but was employed by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine when the study was designed and commenced and the baseline survey completed. GlaxoSmithKline and BMGF played no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig 1. Data flow diagram.
Fig 1. Data flow diagram.
Data included for the household and individual-level surveys as well as the parasitological sample collection and analyses conducted for individuals across the 120 clusters on the south coast of Kenya, 2015. Households (HHs) Community Units (CUs).
Fig 2
Fig 2
(A) The 120 study clusters (community units) in Kwale County, south Kenya, 2015 inset depicts the location of Kwale County within Kenya. Also shown are the cluster-level geographical distributions of (B) hookworm infection, (C) T. trichiura infection, (D) A. lumbricoides infection. Points depict the centroids of each cluster. Note that the map legend scale differs for each species.
Fig 3. Age-infection profiles for STH species.
Fig 3. Age-infection profiles for STH species.
(A) Prevalence (upper lines) and intensity (lower lines) of hookworm infection by age for males (solid line and circles) and females (dashed lines and empty circles). The histogram indicates the proportion sampled in each age-group by sex [males dark grey and females light grey]. (B) Prevalence of T. trichiura (black) and A. lumbricoides (grey) by age for males (solid line and circles) and females (dashed lines and empty circles). Intensity not depicted for T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides due to low infection prevalence.
Fig 4. The relationship between cluster prevalence…
Fig 4. The relationship between cluster prevalence and intensity for hookworm and T. trichiura for both children (2–14 years) and adults (≥15 years) separately.
(A) Relationship between prevalence of hookworm infection and arithmetic mean intensity for children (grey circles) and adults (black circles) (B) Relationship between prevalence of MHI infections and prevalence of hookworm infection in children (grey circles) and adults (black circles) [outlier of 137,460 epg excluded]. (C) Relationship between prevalence of T. trichiura infection and arithmetic mean intensity for children (grey circles) and adults (black circles) (D) Relationship between prevalence of moderate and high intensity (MHI) infections and prevalence of T. trichiura infection in children (grey circles) and adults (black circles) [outlier of 99,804 epg excluded].

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