World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)
Catrin Sohrabi, Zaid Alsafi, Niamh O'Neill, Mehdi Khan, Ahmed Kerwan, Ahmed Al-Jabir, Christos Iosifidis, Riaz Agha, Catrin Sohrabi, Zaid Alsafi, Niamh O'Neill, Mehdi Khan, Ahmed Kerwan, Ahmed Al-Jabir, Christos Iosifidis, Riaz Agha
Abstract
An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus was identified as the causative agent and was subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Considered a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 is caused by a betacoronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans. Despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to rise, with 90,870 laboratory-confirmed cases and over 3,000 deaths worldwide. In response to this global outbreak, we summarise the current state of knowledge surrounding COVID-19.
Keywords: COVID-19; Global health emergency; Novel coronavirus; Viral transmission; Wuhan.
Conflict of interest statement
Declaration of competing interest No conflicts of interest to declare.
Copyright © 2020 IJS Publishing Group Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Figures
References
- Lu H., Stratton C.W., Tang Y. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in wuhan China: the mystery and the miracle. J. Med. Virol. 2020:25678.
- World Health Organization . 2020. WHO Director-General’s Remarks at the Media Briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020.
- Chen N., Zhou M., Dong X. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.
- Wang D., Hu B., Hu C. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in wuhan, China. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2020 doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
- World Health Organization . 2020. Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) Situation Report - 12.
- Wellcome . 2020. Sharing Research Data and Findings Relevant to the Novel Coronavirus (nCoV) Outbreak.
- European Commission . 2020. Coronavirus: EU Mobilises €10 Million for Research.
- Verdict Medical Devices . 2020. Co-Diagnostics Launches RUO Test for New Coronavirus.
- Verdict Medical Devices . 2020. Primerdesign Launches Molecular Test for New Coronavirus.
- BBC . 2020. Coronavirus: UK Donates £20m to Speed up Vaccine.
- The White House . 2020. Proclamation on Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Persons Who Pose a Risk of Transmitting 2019 Novel Coronavirus.
- BBC . 2020. Coronavirus: Hong Kong Hospital Staff Strike to Demand Closure of China Border.
- BBC . 2020. Coronavirus: China to Pump Billions into Economy amid Growth Fears.
- Public Health England . 2020. Coronavirus (COVID-19): Latest Information and Advice.
- World Health Organization . 2020. Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV): Situation Report - 10.
- HM Government . 2020. Novel Coronavirus: Guidance for Primary Care.
- HM Government . 2020. 2019-nCoV Acute Respiratory Disease: Guidance for Clinical Diagnostic Laboratories.
- UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office . 2020. Travel Advice: Novel Coronavirus.
- BBC . 2020. Coronavirus: Britons on Wuhan Flights to Be Quarantined.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2020. 2019 Novel Coronavirus.
- Rothe C., Schunk M., Sothmann P. Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020 NEJMc2001468. Epub ahead of print.
- Li Q., Guan X., Wu P. Early transmission dynamics in wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020 NEJMoa2001316. Epub ahead of print.
- World Health Organization . 2020. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 43.
- World Health Organization . 2020. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Advice for the Public.
- Bespoke . 2020. Bebot Launches Free Coronavirus Information Bot.
- Huang C., Wang Y., Li X. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506.
- Elsevier . 2020. Novel Coronavirus Information Center.
- World Health Organization . 2020. Clinical Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection when Novel Coronavirus (nCoV) Infection Is Suspected: Interim Guidance.
- Zhu N., Zhang D., Wang W. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020 NEJMoa2001017. Epub ahead of print.
- Røsjø H., Varpula M., Hagve T.-A., Karlsson S., Ruokonen E., Pettilä V., Omland T. Circulating high sensitivity troponin T in severe sepsis and septic shock: distribution, associated factors, and relation to outcome. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:77–85.
- World Health Organization . 2013. Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children: Guidelines for the Management of Common Childhood Illnesses.
- World Health Organization . 2014. WHO Global Epidemiological Surveillance Standards for Influenza.
- Schultz M.J., Dunser M.W., Dondorp A.M. Current challenges in the management of sepsis in ICUs in resource-poor settings and suggestions for the future. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:612–624.
- Rhodes A., Evans L.E., Alhazzani W. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:304–377. 2016.
- Kui L., Fang Y.-Y., Deng Y. Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province. Chin. Med. J. (Engl) 2020;1
- Chu C.M. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax. 2004;59:252–256.
- World Health Organization . 2003. Summary of Probable SARS Cases with Onset of Illness from 1 November 2002 to 31. July 2003.
- World Health Organization Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 2019.
- Wang W., Tang J., Wei F. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Wuhan, China. J. Med. Virol. 2020:25689.
- Oh M., Park W.B., Park S.-W., Choe P.G., Bang J.H., Song K.-H., Kim E.S., Kim H Bin, Kim N.J. Middle East respiratory syndrome: what we learned from the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea. Korean J. Intern. Med. 2018;33:233–246.
- Hui D.S.-C., Wong P.-C., Wang C. SARS: clinical features and diagnosis. Respirology. 2003;8:S20–S24.
- The Washington Post . 2020. Chinese Coronavirus Infections, Death Toll Soar as Fifth Case Is Confirmed in U.S.
- The Guardian . 2020. Hong Kong Cuts China Transport Links as Coronavirus Toll Mounts.
- The New York Times . 2020. Coronavirus in New York: Lunar New Year Events Canceled over Fears.
- Madhav N., Oppenheim B., Gallivan M., Mulembakani P., Rubin E., Wolfe N. Pandemics: risks, impacts, and mitigation. Dis. Control Priorities Improv. Heal. Reducing Poverty. 2017 doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0527-1/pt5.ch17.
- World Health Organization . 2020. Statement on the Second Meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee Regarding the Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
- The Guardian . 2020. New 1,000-bed Wuhan Hospital Takes its First Coronavirus Patients.
- Shengen Visa Info . 2020. Italy Suspends Visa Issuance and All Air Traffic from China.
- The Wall Street Journal . 2020. U.S. Imposes Entry Restrictions over Coronavirus.
- Phelan A.L., Katz R., Gostin L.O. The novel coronavirus originating in wuhan, China. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2020 doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1097.
- BBC Coronavirus: which countries have evacuated their citizens? 2020.
- BBC . 2020. Coronavirus: More Britons Evacuated from Wuhan on French Flight.
- The Wall Street Journal . 2020. U.S. Plans to Evacuate More Americans by Aircraft from Wuhan.
- Lu R., Zhao X., Li J. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.
- Fehr A.R., Perlman S. 2015. Coronaviruses: an Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis; pp. 1–23.
- The Harvard Gazette . 2020. Coronavirus Cases Hit 17,400 and Are Likely to Surge.
- Bloomberg Businessweek . 2020. Coronavirus Is More Dangerous for the Global Economy than SARS.
- Reuters . 2020. Instant View: China's Economic Growth Slows to 6.1% in 2019, Near 30-year Low.
- TIME . 2020. As Wuhan Coronavirus Drags on Chinese Markets, the World Economy Braces for a Slowdown.
- Brookings . 2018. Global Manufacturing Scorecard: How the US Compares to 18 Other Nations.
- Bloomberg . 2019. China's Oil Imports Are Most World's Ever Seen and Still Growing.
- Financial Times . China’s Xi Jinping knew of coronavirus earlier than first thought; 2020.
Source: PubMed