Study of 27 aqueous humor cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without retinopathy

Ning Dong, Bing Xu, Bingsong Wang, Liqun Chu, Ning Dong, Bing Xu, Bingsong Wang, Liqun Chu

Abstract

Purpose: To compare the changes in the levels of 27 aqueous humor cytokines between nondiabetic controls and patients with type 2 diabetes and to ascertain the association of these cytokines with diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods: Undiluted aqueous humor samples were obtained from 102 nondiabetic patients (102 eyes) and 136 consecutive diabetic patients (136 eyes) who were divided into nine groups according to the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study severity scale. The concentrations of 27 cytokines in the aqueous humor samples were measured using a multiplex bead immunoassay.

Results: Compared with the nondiabetic controls, the diabetic patients had significantly higher concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β; p<0.001), IL-6 (p<0.001), IL-8 (p<0.001), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p<0.001), interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (p<0.001), and vascular endothelial growth factor (p<0.001) in the aqueous humor. However, the IL-10 (p=0.002) and IL-12 (p=0.013) concentrations were significantly lower for the diabetic patients. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of other cytokines between the diabetic patients and the controls. The IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interferon gamma-induced protein-10 levels in the aqueous humor increased as the severity of DR increased. The correlation was significant. However, the vascular endothelial growth factor concentration was not correlated with the severity of DR. In addition, the IL-10 and IL-12 levels in the aqueous humor decreased as the severity of DR increased, and this negative correlation was significant.

Conclusions: Various cytokines associated with inflammation and angiogenesis may contribute to the pathogenesis of DR, and chemokines may be more closely related to the development of this disease.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-1β level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.298, p

Figure 2

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 2

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-6 (IL-6)…

Figure 2
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-6 (IL-6) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-6 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.468, p

Figure 3

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 3

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-8 (IL-8)…

Figure 3
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-8 (IL-8) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-8 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.309, p

Figure 4

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 4

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous monocyte chemoattractant…

Figure 4
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the MCP-1 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.693, p

Figure 5

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 5

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interferon gamma-induced…

Figure 5
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IP-10 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.674, p

Figure 6

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 6

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous vascular endothelial…

Figure 6
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the VEGF level in aqueous humor did not increase with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was not significant (r=0.161, p=0.062). Table 3 shows the sampling sizes for each group according to the ETDRS retinopathy severity scale.

Figure 7

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 7

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-10 (IL-10)…

Figure 7
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-10 (IL-10) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-10 level in aqueous humor decreased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=–0.206, p=0.016). Table 4 shows the sampling sizes for each group according to the ETDRS retinopathy severity scale.

Figure 8

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 8

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-12 (IL-12)…

Figure 8
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-12 (IL-12) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-12 level in aqueous humor decreased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=–0.482, p
All figures (8)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Jia WP, Pang C, Chen L, Bao YQ, Lu JX, Lu HJ, Tang JL, Wu YM, Zuo YH, Jiang SY, Xiang KS. Epidemiological characteristics of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in a Chinese adult population: the Shanghai Diabetes Studies, a cross-sectional 3-year follow-up study in Shanghai urban communities. Diabetologia. 2007;50:286–92. - PubMed
    1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047–53. - PubMed
    1. Schram MT, Chaturvedi N, Schalkwijk C, Giorgino F, Ebeling P, Fuller JH, Stehouwer CD, EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Vascular risk factors and markers of endothelial function as determinants of inflammatory markers in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2165–73. - PubMed
    1. Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Noma H, Mimura T, Nakamura S, Sakata K, Hori S. Aqueous humor levels of cytokines are related to vitreous levels and progression of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:3–8. - PubMed
    1. Yoshimura T, Sonoda KH, Sugahara M, Mochizuki Y, Enaida H, Oshima Y, Ueno A, Hata Y, Yoshida H, Ishibashi T. Comprehensive analysis of inflammatory immune mediators in vitreoretinal diseases. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e8158. - PMC - PubMed
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Figure 2
Figure 2
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-6 (IL-6) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-6 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.468, p

Figure 3

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 3

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-8 (IL-8)…

Figure 3
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-8 (IL-8) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-8 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.309, p

Figure 4

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 4

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous monocyte chemoattractant…

Figure 4
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the MCP-1 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.693, p

Figure 5

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 5

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interferon gamma-induced…

Figure 5
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IP-10 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.674, p

Figure 6

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 6

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous vascular endothelial…

Figure 6
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the VEGF level in aqueous humor did not increase with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was not significant (r=0.161, p=0.062). Table 3 shows the sampling sizes for each group according to the ETDRS retinopathy severity scale.

Figure 7

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 7

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-10 (IL-10)…

Figure 7
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-10 (IL-10) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-10 level in aqueous humor decreased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=–0.206, p=0.016). Table 4 shows the sampling sizes for each group according to the ETDRS retinopathy severity scale.

Figure 8

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 8

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-12 (IL-12)…

Figure 8
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-12 (IL-12) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-12 level in aqueous humor decreased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=–0.482, p
All figures (8)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Jia WP, Pang C, Chen L, Bao YQ, Lu JX, Lu HJ, Tang JL, Wu YM, Zuo YH, Jiang SY, Xiang KS. Epidemiological characteristics of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in a Chinese adult population: the Shanghai Diabetes Studies, a cross-sectional 3-year follow-up study in Shanghai urban communities. Diabetologia. 2007;50:286–92. - PubMed
    1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047–53. - PubMed
    1. Schram MT, Chaturvedi N, Schalkwijk C, Giorgino F, Ebeling P, Fuller JH, Stehouwer CD, EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Vascular risk factors and markers of endothelial function as determinants of inflammatory markers in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2165–73. - PubMed
    1. Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Noma H, Mimura T, Nakamura S, Sakata K, Hori S. Aqueous humor levels of cytokines are related to vitreous levels and progression of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:3–8. - PubMed
    1. Yoshimura T, Sonoda KH, Sugahara M, Mochizuki Y, Enaida H, Oshima Y, Ueno A, Hata Y, Yoshida H, Ishibashi T. Comprehensive analysis of inflammatory immune mediators in vitreoretinal diseases. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e8158. - PMC - PubMed
Show all 58 references
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[x]
Cite
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Figure 3
Figure 3
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-8 (IL-8) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-8 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.309, p

Figure 4

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 4

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous monocyte chemoattractant…

Figure 4
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the MCP-1 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.693, p

Figure 5

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 5

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interferon gamma-induced…

Figure 5
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IP-10 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.674, p

Figure 6

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 6

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous vascular endothelial…

Figure 6
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the VEGF level in aqueous humor did not increase with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was not significant (r=0.161, p=0.062). Table 3 shows the sampling sizes for each group according to the ETDRS retinopathy severity scale.

Figure 7

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 7

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-10 (IL-10)…

Figure 7
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-10 (IL-10) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-10 level in aqueous humor decreased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=–0.206, p=0.016). Table 4 shows the sampling sizes for each group according to the ETDRS retinopathy severity scale.

Figure 8

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 8

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-12 (IL-12)…

Figure 8
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-12 (IL-12) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-12 level in aqueous humor decreased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=–0.482, p
All figures (8)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Jia WP, Pang C, Chen L, Bao YQ, Lu JX, Lu HJ, Tang JL, Wu YM, Zuo YH, Jiang SY, Xiang KS. Epidemiological characteristics of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in a Chinese adult population: the Shanghai Diabetes Studies, a cross-sectional 3-year follow-up study in Shanghai urban communities. Diabetologia. 2007;50:286–92. - PubMed
    1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047–53. - PubMed
    1. Schram MT, Chaturvedi N, Schalkwijk C, Giorgino F, Ebeling P, Fuller JH, Stehouwer CD, EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Vascular risk factors and markers of endothelial function as determinants of inflammatory markers in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2165–73. - PubMed
    1. Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Noma H, Mimura T, Nakamura S, Sakata K, Hori S. Aqueous humor levels of cytokines are related to vitreous levels and progression of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:3–8. - PubMed
    1. Yoshimura T, Sonoda KH, Sugahara M, Mochizuki Y, Enaida H, Oshima Y, Ueno A, Hata Y, Yoshida H, Ishibashi T. Comprehensive analysis of inflammatory immune mediators in vitreoretinal diseases. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e8158. - PMC - PubMed
Show all 58 references
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Related information
Full text links [x]
[x]
Cite
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Figure 4
Figure 4
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the MCP-1 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.693, p

Figure 5

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 5

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interferon gamma-induced…

Figure 5
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IP-10 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.674, p

Figure 6

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 6

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous vascular endothelial…

Figure 6
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the VEGF level in aqueous humor did not increase with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was not significant (r=0.161, p=0.062). Table 3 shows the sampling sizes for each group according to the ETDRS retinopathy severity scale.

Figure 7

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 7

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-10 (IL-10)…

Figure 7
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-10 (IL-10) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-10 level in aqueous humor decreased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=–0.206, p=0.016). Table 4 shows the sampling sizes for each group according to the ETDRS retinopathy severity scale.

Figure 8

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 8

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-12 (IL-12)…

Figure 8
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-12 (IL-12) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-12 level in aqueous humor decreased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=–0.482, p
All figures (8)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Jia WP, Pang C, Chen L, Bao YQ, Lu JX, Lu HJ, Tang JL, Wu YM, Zuo YH, Jiang SY, Xiang KS. Epidemiological characteristics of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in a Chinese adult population: the Shanghai Diabetes Studies, a cross-sectional 3-year follow-up study in Shanghai urban communities. Diabetologia. 2007;50:286–92. - PubMed
    1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047–53. - PubMed
    1. Schram MT, Chaturvedi N, Schalkwijk C, Giorgino F, Ebeling P, Fuller JH, Stehouwer CD, EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Vascular risk factors and markers of endothelial function as determinants of inflammatory markers in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2165–73. - PubMed
    1. Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Noma H, Mimura T, Nakamura S, Sakata K, Hori S. Aqueous humor levels of cytokines are related to vitreous levels and progression of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:3–8. - PubMed
    1. Yoshimura T, Sonoda KH, Sugahara M, Mochizuki Y, Enaida H, Oshima Y, Ueno A, Hata Y, Yoshida H, Ishibashi T. Comprehensive analysis of inflammatory immune mediators in vitreoretinal diseases. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e8158. - PMC - PubMed
Show all 58 references
MeSH terms
Related information
Full text links [x]
[x]
Cite
Copy Download .nbib
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The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

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Figure 5
Figure 5
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IP-10 level in aqueous humor increased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=0.674, p

Figure 6

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 6

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous vascular endothelial…

Figure 6
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the VEGF level in aqueous humor did not increase with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was not significant (r=0.161, p=0.062). Table 3 shows the sampling sizes for each group according to the ETDRS retinopathy severity scale.

Figure 7

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 7

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-10 (IL-10)…

Figure 7
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-10 (IL-10) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-10 level in aqueous humor decreased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=–0.206, p=0.016). Table 4 shows the sampling sizes for each group according to the ETDRS retinopathy severity scale.

Figure 8

Relationship between the severity of…

Figure 8

Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-12 (IL-12)…

Figure 8
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-12 (IL-12) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-12 level in aqueous humor decreased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=–0.482, p
All figures (8)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Jia WP, Pang C, Chen L, Bao YQ, Lu JX, Lu HJ, Tang JL, Wu YM, Zuo YH, Jiang SY, Xiang KS. Epidemiological characteristics of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in a Chinese adult population: the Shanghai Diabetes Studies, a cross-sectional 3-year follow-up study in Shanghai urban communities. Diabetologia. 2007;50:286–92. - PubMed
    1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047–53. - PubMed
    1. Schram MT, Chaturvedi N, Schalkwijk C, Giorgino F, Ebeling P, Fuller JH, Stehouwer CD, EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Vascular risk factors and markers of endothelial function as determinants of inflammatory markers in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2165–73. - PubMed
    1. Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Noma H, Mimura T, Nakamura S, Sakata K, Hori S. Aqueous humor levels of cytokines are related to vitreous levels and progression of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:3–8. - PubMed
    1. Yoshimura T, Sonoda KH, Sugahara M, Mochizuki Y, Enaida H, Oshima Y, Ueno A, Hata Y, Yoshida H, Ishibashi T. Comprehensive analysis of inflammatory immune mediators in vitreoretinal diseases. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e8158. - PMC - PubMed
Show all 58 references
MeSH terms
Related information
Full text links [x]
[x]
Cite
Copy Download .nbib
Format: AMA APA MLA NLM
Figure 6
Figure 6
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the VEGF level in aqueous humor did not increase with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was not significant (r=0.161, p=0.062). Table 3 shows the sampling sizes for each group according to the ETDRS retinopathy severity scale.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-10 (IL-10) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-10 level in aqueous humor decreased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=–0.206, p=0.016). Table 4 shows the sampling sizes for each group according to the ETDRS retinopathy severity scale.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the aqueous interleukin-12 (IL-12) level. The results by measuring cytokines in the aqueous humor samples shows that the IL-12 level in aqueous humor decreased with increasing severity of DR, and this correlation was significant (r=–0.482, p
All figures (8)

References

    1. Jia WP, Pang C, Chen L, Bao YQ, Lu JX, Lu HJ, Tang JL, Wu YM, Zuo YH, Jiang SY, Xiang KS. Epidemiological characteristics of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in a Chinese adult population: the Shanghai Diabetes Studies, a cross-sectional 3-year follow-up study in Shanghai urban communities. Diabetologia. 2007;50:286–92.
    1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047–53.
    1. Schram MT, Chaturvedi N, Schalkwijk C, Giorgino F, Ebeling P, Fuller JH, Stehouwer CD, EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Vascular risk factors and markers of endothelial function as determinants of inflammatory markers in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2165–73.
    1. Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Noma H, Mimura T, Nakamura S, Sakata K, Hori S. Aqueous humor levels of cytokines are related to vitreous levels and progression of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:3–8.
    1. Yoshimura T, Sonoda KH, Sugahara M, Mochizuki Y, Enaida H, Oshima Y, Ueno A, Hata Y, Yoshida H, Ishibashi T. Comprehensive analysis of inflammatory immune mediators in vitreoretinal diseases. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e8158.
    1. Yuuki T, Kanda T, Kimura Y, Kotajima N, Tamura J, Kobayashi I, Kishi S. Inflammatory cytokines in vitreous fluid and serum of patients with diabetic vitreoretinopathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2001;15:257–9.
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