Pain Management in Metastatic Bone Disease: A Literature Review

Imama Ahmad, Munis M Ahmed, Muhammad Farhan Ahsraf, Anika Naeem, Azka Tasleem, Moeed Ahmed, Muhammad S Farooqi, Imama Ahmad, Munis M Ahmed, Muhammad Farhan Ahsraf, Anika Naeem, Azka Tasleem, Moeed Ahmed, Muhammad S Farooqi

Abstract

Cancer means an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in the body. It is a leading cause of death today. Not only the disease itself but its complications are also adding to the increase in mortality rate. One of the major complications is the pain due to metastasis of cancer. Pain is a complex symptom which has physical, psychological, and emotional impacts that influence the daily activities as well as social life. Pain acts as an alarm sign, telling the body that something is wrong. Pain can manifest in a multitude fashion. Management of bone pain due to metastasis involves different modes with some specific treatments according to the type of primary cancer. Over the years various treatment modalities have been tried and tested to improve the pain management including the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, bisphosphonates, tricyclic antidepressants, corticosteroids, growth factors and signaling molecules, ET-1 receptor antagonists, radiotherapy as well as surgical management. The topic of discussion will cover each one of these in detail.

Keywords: bone metastasis; cancer; cancer care; cancer pain; metastatic bone disease; pain management.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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