No evidence of brown adipose tissue activation after 24 weeks of supervised exercise training in young sedentary adults in the ACTIBATE randomized controlled trial

Borja Martinez-Tellez, Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado, Francisco M Acosta, Juan M A Alcantara, Francisco J Amaro-Gahete, Wendy D Martinez-Avila, Elisa Merchan-Ramirez, Victoria Muñoz-Hernandez, Francisco J Osuna-Prieto, Lucas Jurado-Fasoli, Huiwen Xu, Lourdes Ortiz-Alvarez, María J Arias-Tellez, Andrea Mendez-Gutierrez, Idoia Labayen, Francisco B Ortega, Milena Schönke, Patrick C N Rensen, Concepción M Aguilera, José M Llamas-Elvira, Ángel Gil, Jonatan R Ruiz, Borja Martinez-Tellez, Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado, Francisco M Acosta, Juan M A Alcantara, Francisco J Amaro-Gahete, Wendy D Martinez-Avila, Elisa Merchan-Ramirez, Victoria Muñoz-Hernandez, Francisco J Osuna-Prieto, Lucas Jurado-Fasoli, Huiwen Xu, Lourdes Ortiz-Alvarez, María J Arias-Tellez, Andrea Mendez-Gutierrez, Idoia Labayen, Francisco B Ortega, Milena Schönke, Patrick C N Rensen, Concepción M Aguilera, José M Llamas-Elvira, Ángel Gil, Jonatan R Ruiz

Abstract

Exercise modulates both brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning in murine models. Whether this is true in humans, however, has remained unknown. An unblinded randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02365129) was therefore conducted to study the effects of a 24-week supervised exercise intervention, combining endurance and resistance training, on BAT volume and activity (primary outcome). The study was carried out in the Sport and Health University Research Institute and the Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital of the University of Granada (Spain). One hundred and forty-five young sedentary adults were assigned to either (i) a control group (no exercise, n = 54), (ii) a moderate intensity exercise group (MOD-EX, n = 48), or (iii) a vigorous intensity exercise group (VIG-EX n = 43) by unrestricted randomization. No relevant adverse events were recorded. 97 participants (34 men, 63 women) were included in the final analysis (Control; n = 35, MOD-EX; n = 31, and VIG-EX; n = 31). We observed no changes in BAT volume (Δ Control: -22.2 ± 52.6 ml; Δ MOD-EX: -15.5 ± 62.1 ml, Δ VIG-EX: -6.8 ± 66.4 ml; P = 0.771) or 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake (SUVpeak Δ Control: -2.6 ± 3.1 ml; Δ MOD-EX: -1.2 ± 4.8, Δ VIG-EX: -2.2 ± 5.1; p = 0.476) in either the control or the exercise groups. Thus, we did not find any evidence of an exercise-induced change on BAT volume or activity in young sedentary adults.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1. Participant enrollment in the ACTIBATE…
Fig. 1. Participant enrollment in the ACTIBATE study.
BMI body mass index, CON control group, MOD-EX moderate-intensity exercise group, VIG-EX vigorous-intensity exercise group, ECG electrocardiogram.
Fig. 2. Effect of the 24-week supervised…
Fig. 2. Effect of the 24-week supervised exercise intervention on brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake (Standardized uptake Value [SUV] mean and peak), and mean radiodensity.
a Total BAT volume. b Total BAT SUVmean. c Total BAT SUVpeak. d Total BAT mean radiodensity (CON n = 25; MOD-EX n = 17; VIG-EX n = 16). E Regional BAT volume, SUVmean, and SUVpeak. SUV values are shown relative to lean mass. Δ was calculated as post-intervention minus baseline values for every outcome. P values are from analyses of covariance adjusting for baseline values (n = 97). In panel e, all P values ≥0.1. CON control group, HU Hounsfield Units, MOD-EX Moderate-intensity exercise group, VIG-EX Vigorous-intensity exercise group. Bars represent mean and standard deviation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
Fig. 3. Associations between the Δ outdoor…
Fig. 3. Associations between the Δ outdoor ambient temperature and Δ (post-intervention minus baseline value) brown adipose tissue (BAT)-related outcomes.
a Total BAT volume. b Total BAT standardized uptake value (SUV) mean. c Total BAT SUVpeak. d Total BAT mean radiodensity (CON n = 25; MOD-EX n = 17; VIG-EX n = 16). e Regional BAT volume, SUVmean, and SUVpeak. SUV values are shown relative to lean mass. P and β values are obtained from linear regression analyses. β non-standardized coefficients, BAT brown adipose tissue, CON Control group, HU Hounsfield units, MOD-EX moderate-intensity exercise group, R2 explained variance, SUV standardized uptake value, VIG-EX vigorous-intensity exercise group, WAT white adipose tissue.
Fig. 4. Effect of the 24-week supervised…
Fig. 4. Effect of the 24-week supervised exercise intervention on secondary endpoints.
a Body weight and composition parameters, b cardiometabolic risk factors, and c physical fitness parameters. Δ was calculated as post-intervention minus baseline value for every outcome. Serum concentrations were log10 transformed. P values are from analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs), adjusting for baseline values. * and † indicate significant differences between pairs after Bonferroni correction. BP Blood pressure, CON Control group, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MOD-EX Moderate-intensity exercise group, RM repetition maximum, VAT visceral adipose tissue, VO2 oxygen consumption, VIG-EX vigorous-intensity exercise group. Bars represent the mean and standard deviation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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