Evidence for in vitro and in vivo activity of the antimalarial pyronaridine against Schistosoma

Abstract

Background: Schistosomiasis is highly prevalent in Africa. Praziquantel is effective against adult schistosomes but leaves prepatent stages unaffected-which is a limit to patient management and elimination. Given the large-scale use of praziquantel, development of drug resistance by Schistosoma is feared. Antimalarials are promising drugs for alternative treatment strategies of Schistosoma infections. Development of drugs with activity against both malaria and schistosomiasis is particularly appealing as schistosome infections often occur concomitantly with malaria parasites in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, antiplasmodial compounds were progressively tested against Schistosoma in vitro, in mice, and in a clinical study.

Results: Amongst 16 drugs and 1 control tested, pyronaridine, methylene blue and 5 other antimalarials were highly active in vitro against larval stage schistosomula with a 50% inhibitory concentration below 10 μM. Both drugs were lethal to ex vivo adult worms tested at 30 μM with methylene blue also active at 10 μM. Pyronaridine treatment of mice infected with S. mansoni at the prepatent stage reduced worm burden by 82% and cured 7 out of 12 animals, however in mice adult stages remained viable. In contrast, methylene blue inhibited adult worms by 60% but cure was not achieved. In an observational pilot trial in Gabon in children, the antimalarial drug combination pyronaridine-artesunate (Pyramax) reduced S. haematobium egg excretion from 10/10 ml urine to 0/10 ml urine, and 3 out of 4 children were cured.

Conclusion: Pyronaridine and methylene blue warrant further investigation as candidates for schistosomiasis treatment. Both compounds are approved for human use and evidence for their potential as antischistosomal compounds can be obtained directly from clinical testing. Particularly, pyronaridine-artesunate, already available as an antimalarial drug, calls for further clinical evaluation.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03201770.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. In vitro schistosomula assays (step 1).

Dot plot of individual IC50 values of 12 drugs and mefloquine control is shown. Each compound was tested in 3 independent, in vitro schistosomula experiments (except for MQ, N = 9) and individual IC50s (filled circles) are shown. Viability of schistosomula after 7 days drug exposure was assessed by microscopy. For four drugs (atovaquone, cycloguanil, doxycycline, clindamycin) the IC50 could not be calculated as no inhibition was observed. The IC50 is given in μM. Bar and lines indicate median IC50 and IQR. Dotted line: Threshold for drug activity is an IC50 < 10 μM. IQR: Interquartile range.

Fig 2. Drug activity in S. mansoni-infected mice (step 3).

Mice were treated with respective compounds after A) 14 days (juvenile worms) and B) 9 weeks (adult worms) of S. mansoni infection, respectively. Mice were killed and adult worms were recovered and counted. MB: methylene blue, PY: pyronaridine, AS: artesunate, PZQ: praziquantel. Each data point (filled circle) represents one mouse. Thick bar: median, whiskers: IQR. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) to no drug control was detected for A) AS and PY, and for B) PZQ, respectively. Results from two independent experiments are shown for A and from one experiment for B.

Fig 3. Observational study in Gabonese patients (step 4).

Individual treatment response. Children excreting S. haematobium eggs were treated with pyronaridine-artesunate starting at day 1. After 28 days, urines were analyzed again and number of eggs/10 ml urine was reported.