Leptin and smoking cessation: secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial assessing physical activity as an aid for smoking cessation

Semira Gonseth, Isabella Locatelli, Raphaël Bize, Sébastien Nusslé, Carole Clair, François Pralong, Jacques Cornuz, Semira Gonseth, Isabella Locatelli, Raphaël Bize, Sébastien Nusslé, Carole Clair, François Pralong, Jacques Cornuz

Abstract

Background: Smokers have a lower body weight compared to non-smokers. Smoking cessation is associated with weight gain in most cases. A hormonal mechanism of action might be implicated in weight variations related to smoking, and leptin might be implicated. We made secondary analyses of an RCT, with a hypothesis-free exploratory approach to study the dynamic of leptin following smoking cessation.

Methods: We measured serum leptin levels among 271 sedentary smokers willing to quit who participated in a randomized controlled trial assessing a 9-week moderate-intensity physical activity intervention as an aid for smoking cessation. We adjusted leptin for body fat levels. We performed linear regressions to test for an association between leptin levels and the study group over time.

Results: One year after smoking cessation, the mean serum leptin change was +3.23 mg/l (SD 4.89) in the control group and +1.25 mg/l (SD 4.86) in the intervention group (p of the difference < 0.05). When adjusted for body fat levels, leptin was higher in the control group than in the intervention group (p of the difference < 0.01). The mean weight gain was +2.91 (SD 6.66) Kg in the intervention and +3.33 (SD 4.47) Kg in the control groups, respectively (p not significant).

Conclusions: Serum leptin levels significantly increased after smoking cessation, in spite of substantial weight gain. The leptin dynamic might be different in chronic tobacco users who quit smoking, and physical activity might impact the dynamic of leptin in such a situation. Clinical trial registration number: NCT00521391.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Ratio leptin/body fat, by study group over the study period (at baseline visit, and at 3, 6 and 12 months).

References

    1. WHO: WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic.. []
    1. Filozof C, Fernández Pinilla MC, Fernández-Cruz A. Smoking cessation and weight gain. Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes. 2004;5:95–103. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2004.00131.x.
    1. Fulkerson JA, French SA. Cigarette smoking for weight loss or control among adolescents: gender and racial/ethnic differences. J Adolesc Health Off Publ Soc Adolesc Med. 2003;32:306–313. doi: 10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00566-9.
    1. Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR, Folsom AR. Dietary Fat and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Older Iowa Women. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1528–1535. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.9.1528.
    1. Pirie PL, Murray DM, Luepker RV. Gender differences in cigarette smoking and quitting in a cohort of young adults. Am J Public Health. 1991;81:324–327. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.81.3.324.
    1. O’Hara P, Connett JE, Lee WW, Nides M, Murray R, Wise R. Early and late weight gain following smoking cessation in the Lung Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148:821–830. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009706.
    1. Clair C, Gonseth S, Cornuz J, Berlin I. Handb Obes. 3 2014. Tobacco use, smoking cessation and obesity.
    1. Farley AC, Hajek P, Lycett D, Aveyard P. Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;1:112.
    1. Fernandez-Real JM, Broch M, Vendrell J, Ricart W. Smoking, fat mass and activation of the tumor necrosis factor-α pathway. Int J Obes. 2003;27:1552–1556. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802472.
    1. Hodge AM, Westerman RA, De Courten MP, Collier GR, Zimmet PZ, Alberti KG. Is leptin sensitivity the link between smoking cessation and weight gain? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord J Int Assoc Study Obes. 1997;21:50–53. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800362.
    1. Martin LJ, Cole SA, Hixson JE, Mahaney MC, Czerwinski SA, Almasy L, Blangero J, Comuzzie AG. Genotype by smoking interaction for leptin levels in the San Antonio Family Heart Study. Genet Epidemiol. 2002;22:105–115. doi: 10.1002/gepi.0135.
    1. Perkins KA. Metabolic effects of cigarette smoking. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985. 1992;72:401–409.
    1. Perkins KA, Fonte C. Effects of smoking status and smoking cessation on leptin levels. Nicotine Tob Res. 2002;4:459–466. doi: 10.1080/1462220021000018434.
    1. Baskin DG, Blevins JE, Schwartz MW. How the brain regulates food intake and body weight: the role of leptin. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab JPEM. 2001;14:1417.
    1. Mizuno TM, Kleopoulos SP, Bergen HT, Roberts JL, Priest CA, Mobbs CV. Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA is reduced by fasting in ob/ob and db/db mice, but is stimulated by leptin. Diabetes. 1998;47:294–297. doi: 10.2337/diab.47.2.294.
    1. Schwartz MW, Erickson JC, Baskin DG, Palmiter RD. Effect of fasting and leptin deficiency on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene transcription in vivo revealed by expression of a lacZ reporter gene. Endocrinology. 1998;139:2629–2635.
    1. Chen H, Hansen MJ, Jones JE, Vlahos R, Bozinovski S, Anderson GP, Morris MJ. Cigarette smoke exposure reprograms the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y axis to promote weight loss. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173:1248–1254. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200506-977OC.
    1. Koopmann A, Dinter C, Grosshans M, von der Goltz C, Hentschel R, Dahmen N, Gallinat J, Wagner M, Gründer G, Thürauf N. Psychological and hormonal features of smokers at risk to gain weight after smoking cessation—results of a multicenter study. Horm Behav. 2011;60:58–64. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.02.013.
    1. Martin LJ, Kissebah AH, Sonnenberg GE, Blangero J, Comuzzie AG. Genotype-by-smoking interaction for leptin levels in the Metabolic Risk Complications of Obesity Genes project. Int J Obes. 2003;27:334–340. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802232.
    1. Targher G, Zenari L, Faccini G, Falezza G, Muggeo M, Zoppini G. Serum leptin concentrations in young smokers with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:793–794. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.4.793.
    1. Wei M, Stern MP, Haffner SM. Serum leptin levels in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites: association with body mass index and cigarette smoking. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7:81–86. doi: 10.1016/S1047-2797(96)00114-7.
    1. Nicklas BJ, Tomoyasu N, Muir J, Goldberg AP. Effects of cigarette smoking and its cessation on body weight and plasma leptin levels. Metabolism. 1999;48:804–808. doi: 10.1016/S0026-0495(99)90183-X.
    1. Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Hussain T, Sabico S, Bamakhramah A. Altered levels of adipocytokines in type 2 diabetic cigarette smokers. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;83:e37–e39. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.11.013.
    1. Eliasson B, Smith U. Leptin levels in smokers and long-term users of nicotine gum. Eur J Clin Invest. 1999;29:145–152. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1999.00420.x.
    1. Oeser A, Goffaux J, Snead W, Carlson MG. Plasma leptin concentrations and lipid profiles during nicotine abstinence. Am J Med Sci. 1999;318:152. doi: 10.1097/00000441-199909000-00010.
    1. Bouchard C, Blair SN, Haskell WL. Physical Activity and Health, Volume 374. IL: Human Kinetics Champaign; 2007.
    1. Nindl BC, Kraemer WJ, Arciero PJ, Samatallee N, Leone CD, Mayo MF, Hafeman DL. Leptin concentrations experience a delayed reduction after resistance exercise in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:608–613. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200204000-00008.
    1. Eliasson B, Attvall S, Taskinen MR, Smith U. Smoking cessation improves insulin sensitivity in healthy middle-aged men. Eur J Clin Invest. 1997;27:450–456. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.1330680.x.
    1. Stadler M, Tomann L, Storka A, Wolzt M, Peric S, Bieglmayer C, Pacini G, Dickson SL, Brath H, Bech P, Prager R, Korbonits M. Effects of smoking cessation on β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, body weight, and appetite. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170:219–227. doi: 10.1530/EJE-13-0590.
    1. Bize R, Willi C, Chiolero A, Stoianov R, Payot S, Locatelli I, Cornuz J. Participation in a population-based physical activity programme as an aid for smoking cessation: a randomised trial. Tob Control. 2010;19:488–494. doi: 10.1136/tc.2009.030288.
    1. Prod’hom S, Locatelli I, Giraudon K, Marques-Vidal P, Clair C, Bize R, Cornuz J. Predictors of Weight Change in Sedentary Smokers Receiving a Standard Smoking Cessation Intervention. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15:910–916. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts217.
    1. Fiore MC. US public health service clinical practice guideline: treating tobacco use and dependence. Respir Care. 2000;45:1200–1262.
    1. Allezhop. []
    1. Borg G. Borg’s Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales. Champaign, IL, US: Human kinetics; 1998.
    1. Marcus BH, King TK, Albrecht AE, Parisi AF, Abrams DB. Rationale, Design, and Baseline Data for Commit to Quit: An Exercise Efficacy Trial for Smoking Cessation among Women. Prev Med. 1997;26:586–597. doi: 10.1006/pmed.1997.0180.
    1. Bernstein MS, Morabia A, Sloutskis D. Definition and prevalence of sedentarism in an urban population. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:862–867. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.89.6.862.
    1. Bernstein M, Sloutskis D, Kumanyika S, Sparti A, Schutz Y, Morabia A. Data-based approach for developing a physical activity frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147:147–154. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009427.
    1. Haskell WL, Lee I, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Macera CA, Heath GW, Thompson PD, Bauman A. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:1423. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616b27.
    1. Utter AC, Nieman DC, Ward AN, Butterworth DE. Use of the leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance method in assessing body-composition change in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:603–607.
    1. Kennedy A, Gettys TW, Watson P, Wallace P, Ganaway E, Pan Q, Garvey WT. The metabolic significance of leptin in humans: gender-based differences in relationship to adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1293–1300.
    1. Song Y, Manson JE, Tinker L, Howard BV, Kuller LH, Nathan L, Rifai N, Liu S. Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion Determined by Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) and Risk of Diabetes in a Multiethnic Cohort of Women: The Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1747–1752. doi: 10.2337/dc07-0358.
    1. Hughes JR, Hatsukami D. Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43:289. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800030107013.
    1. Perkins KA. Effects of tobacco smoking on caloric intake. Br J Addict. 1992;87:193–205. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02693.x.
    1. Weigle DS, Duell PB, Connor WE, Steiner RA, Soules MR, Kuijper JL. Effect of fasting, refeeding, and dietary fat restriction on plasma leptin levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:561–565.
    1. Gautron L, Elmquist JK. Sixteen years and counting: an update on leptin in energy balance. J Clin Invest. 2011;121:2087–2093. doi: 10.1172/JCI45888.
    1. Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2007;298:2654–2664. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.22.2654.
    1. Albright A, Franz M, Hornsby G, Kriska A, Marrero D, Ullrich I, Verity L. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:1345–1360. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200007000-00024.
    1. Cnaan A, Laird NM, Slasor P. Using the general linear mixed model to analyse unbalanced repeated measures and longitudinal data. Stat Med. 1997;16:2349–2380. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19971030)16:20<2349::AID-SIM667>;2-E.
    1. Gibbons RD, Hedeker D, DuToit S. Advances in analysis of longitudinal data. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6:79–107. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153550.
    1. Pinheiro JC, Bates DM. Mixed-Effects Models in Sand S-PLUS. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2000.
    1. Raudenbush SW, Bryk AS. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: SAGE; 2002. p. 485.
    1. Petkova E, Teresi J. Some statistical issues in the analyses of data from longitudinal studies of elderly chronic care populations. Psychosom Med. 2002;64:531–547. doi: 10.1097/00006842-200205000-00018.
    1. Lange N. Graphs and stochastic relaxation for hierarchical Bayes modelling. Stat Med. 1992;11:2001–2016. doi: 10.1002/sim.4780111417.
    1. Naumova EN, Must A, Laird NM. Tutorial in Biostatistics: Evaluating the impact of "critical periods" in longitudinal studies of growth using piecewise mixed effects models. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:1332–1341. doi: 10.1093/ije/30.6.1332.
Pre-publication history
    1. The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer och medarbetare

Medicinska tillstånd

Läkemedelsinterventioner

3
Prenumerera