Point-of-care ultrasound in primary care: a systematic review of generalist performed point-of-care ultrasound in unselected populations

Bjarte Sorensen, Steinar Hunskaar, Bjarte Sorensen, Steinar Hunskaar

Abstract

Background: Both the interest and actual extent of use of point-of-care ultrasound, PoCUS, among general practitioners or family physicians are increasing and training is also increasingly implemented in residency programs. However, the amount of research within the field is still rather limited compared to what is seen within other specialties in which it has become more established, such as in the specialty of emergency medicine. An assumption is made that what is relevant for emergency medicine physicians and their populations is also relevant to the general practitioner, as both groups are generalists working in unselected populations. This systematic review aims to examine the extent of use and to identify clinical studies on the use of PoCUS by either general practitioners or emergency physicians on indications that are relevant for the former, both in their daily practice and in out-of-hours services.

Methods: Systematic searches were done in PubMed/MEDLINE using terms related to general practice, emergency medicine, and ultrasound.

Results: On the extent of use, we identified 19 articles, as well as 26 meta-analyses and 168 primary studies on the clinical use of PoCUS. We found variable, but generally low, use among general practitioners, while it seems to be thoroughly established in emergency medicine in North America, and increasingly also in the rest of the world. In terms of clinical studies, most were on diagnostic accuracy, and most organ systems were studied; the heart, lungs/thorax, vessels, abdominal and pelvic organs, obstetric ultrasound, the eye, soft tissue, and the musculoskeletal system. The studies found in general either high sensitivity or high specificity for the particular test studied, and in some cases high total accuracy and superiority to other established diagnostic imaging modalities. PoCUS also showed faster time to diagnosis and change in management in some studies.

Conclusion: Our review shows that generalists can, given a certain level of pre-test probability, safely use PoCUS in a wide range of clinical settings to aid diagnosis and better the care of their patients.

Keywords: Emergency medicine; Family medicine; General practice; Point-of-care ultrasound; Ultrasound.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study selection flow diagram

References

    1. Moore CL, Copel JA. Point-of-care ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(8):749–757. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0909487.
    1. Weile J, Brix J, Moellekaer AB. Is point-of-care ultrasound disruptive innovation? Formulating why POCUS is different from conventional comprehensive ultrasound. Crit Ultrasound J. 2018;10(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s13089-018-0106-3.
    1. Huibers L, Giesen P, Wensing M, Grol R. Out-of-hours care in western countries: assessment of different organizational models. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9:105. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-9-105.
    1. Pandit T, Ray R, Sabesan S. Review article: Managing medical emergencies in rural Australia: a systematic review of the training needs. Emerg Med Australas. 2019;31(1):20–28. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12939.
    1. Bosco C, Oandasan I. Review of family medicine within rural and remote Canada: education, practice, and policy. Mississauga: The College of Family Physicians of Canada; 2016.
    1. Nieber T, Hansen EH, Bondevik GT. Organization of Norwegian out-of-hours primary health care services. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2007;127:1335–1338.
    1. St John and the PRIME programme. . Accessed 9 Sept 2019
    1. Lopez DG, Hamdorf JM, Ward AM, Emery J. Early trauma management skills in Australian general practitioners. ANZ J Surg. 2006;76(10):894–897. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2006.03901.x.
    1. Huibers LAMJ, Moth G, Bondevik GT, Kersnik J, Huber CA, Christensen MB, Leutgeb R, Casado AM, Remmen R, Wensing M. Diagnostic scope in out-of-hours primary care services in eight European countries: an observational study. BMC Fam Pract. 2011;12:30. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-12-30.
    1. Hall JWW, Holman H, Bornemann P, Barreto T, Henderson D, Bennett K, Chamberlain J, Maurer DM. Point of care ultrasound in family medicine residency programs: a CERA study. Fam Med. 2015;47(9):706–711.
    1. Bornemann P, Barreto T. Point-of-care ultrasonography in family medicine. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98(4):200–202.
    1. Andersen CA, Holden S, Vela J, Rathleff MS, Jensen MB. Point-of-care ultrasound in general practice: a systematic review. Ann Fam Med. 2019;17(1):61–69. doi: 10.1370/afm.2330.
    1. Myhr K, Sandvik H, Morken T, Hunskaar S. Point-of-care ultrasonography in Norwegian out-of-hours primary health care. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2017;35(2):120–125. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2017.1333307.
    1. Mengel-Jørgensen T, Jensen MB. Variation in the use of point-of-care ultrasound in general practice in various European countries. Results of a survey among experts. Eur J Gen Pract. 2016;22(4):274–277. doi: 10.1080/13814788.2016.1211105.
    1. Flynn CJ, Weppler A, Theodoro D, Haney E, Milne WK. Emergency medicine ultrasonography in rural communities. Can J Rural Med. 2012;17(3):99–104.
    1. Léger P, Fleet R, Maltais-Giguère J, Plant J, Piette É, Légaré F, Poitras J. A majority of rural emergency departments in the province of Quebec use point-of-care ultrasound: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Emerg Med. 2015;15:36. doi: 10.1186/s12873-015-0063-0.
    1. Leschyna M, Hatam E, Britton S, Myslik F, Thompson D, Sedran R, VanAarsen K, Detombe S. Current state of point-of-care ultrasound usage in Canadian emergency departments. Cureus. 2019;11(3):e4246.
    1. Bobbia X, Zieleskiewicz L, Pradeilles C, Hudson C, Muller L, Claret PG, Leone M, de La Coussaye J-E, Winfocus France Group The clinical impact and prevalence of emergency point-of-care ultrasound: a prospective multicenter study. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2017;36(6):383–389. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2017.02.008.
    1. Bobbia X, Abou-Badra M, Hansel N, Pes P, Petrovic T, Claret PG, Lefrant JY, de La Coussaye JE, Winfocus France Group Changes in the availability of bedside ultrasound practice in emergency rooms and prehospital settings in France. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2017;37(3):201–205. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2017.06.008.
    1. Nielsen K, Lauridsen JRM, Laursen CB, Brabrand M. Physicians using ultrasound in Danish emergency departments are mostly summoned specialists. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2015;23:51. doi: 10.1186/s13049-015-0131-1.
    1. Shi D, Walline JH, Yu X, Xu J, Song PP, Zhu H. Evaluating and assessing the prevalence of bedside ultrasound in emergency departments in China. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(5):2685–2690. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2018.04.88.
    1. Ahn C, Kim C, Kang BS, Choi HJ, Cho JH. Variation of availability and frequency of emergency physician-performed ultrasonography between adult and pediatric patients in the academic emergency department in Korea. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2015;2(1):16–23. doi: 10.15441/ceem.14.020.
    1. Henwood PC, Beversluis D, Genthon AA, et al. Characterizing the limited use of point-of-care ultrasound in Colombian emergency medicine residencies. Int J Emerg Med. 2014;7(1):7. doi: 10.1186/1865-1380-7-7.
    1. American College of Emergency Physicians Ultrasound guidelines: emergency, point-of-care and clinical ultrasound guidelines in medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;69(5):e27–e54. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.08.457.
    1. Moore CL, Molina AA, Lin H. Ultrasonography in community emergency departments in the United States: access to ultrasonography performed by consultants and status of emergency physician-performed ultrasonography. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47(2):147–153. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.08.023.
    1. Talley BE, Ginde AA, Raja AS, Sullivan AF, Espinola JA, Camargo CA., Jr Variable access to immediate bedside ultrasound in the emergency department. West J Emerg Med. 2011;12(1):96–99.
    1. Herbst MK, Camargo CA, Jr, Perez A, Moore CL. Use of point-of-care ultrasound in Connecticut emergency departments. J Emerg Med. 2015;48(2):191–196.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.09.017.
    1. Sanders JL, Noble VE, Raja AS, Sullivan AF, Camargo CA., Jr Access to and use of point-of-care ultrasound in the emergency department. West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(5):747–752. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2015.7.27216.
    1. Amini R, Wyman MT, Hernandez NC, Guisto JA, Adhikari S. Use of emergency ultrasound in Arizona community emergency departments. J Ultrasound Med. 2017;36(5):913–921. doi: 10.7863/ultra.16.05064.
    1. Mengarelli M, Nepusz A, Kondrashova T. A comparison of point-of-care ultrasonography use in rural versus urban emergency departments throughout Missouri. Mo Med. 2018;115(1):56–60.
    1. Bratland SZ. Ultrasonic diagnosis in general practice. An evaluation study. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1985;105(28):1939–1940.
    1. Gillespie ND, Pringle S. A pilot study of the role of echocardiography in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 1998;48(429):1182.
    1. Mjølstad OC, Snare SR, Folkvord L, Helland F, Grimsmo A, Torp H, Haraldseth O, Haugen BO. Assessment of left ventricular function by GPs using pocket-sized ultrasound. Fam Pract. 2012;29(5):534–540. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cms009.
    1. Evangelista L, Juncadella E, Copetti S, Pareja A, Torrabadella J, Evangelista A. Diagnostic usefulness of pocket echography performed in hypertensive patients by a general practitioner. Med Clin. 2013;141(1):1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2012.10.029.
    1. Evangelista A, Galuppo V, Méndez J, et al. Hand-held cardiac ultrasound screening performed by family doctors with remote expert support interpretation. Heart. 2016;102(5):376–382. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308421.
    1. Moore CL, Rose GA, Tayal VS, Sullivan DM, Arrowood JA, Kline JA. Determination of left ventricular function by emergency physician echocardiography of hypotensive patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9(3):186–193. doi: 10.1197/aemj.9.3.186.
    1. Randazzo MR, Snoey ER, Levitt MA, Binder K. Accuracy of emergency physician assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and central venous pressure using echocardiography. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10(9):973–977. doi: 10.1197/S1069-6563(03)00317-8.
    1. Secko MA, Lazar JM, Salciccioli LA, Stone MB. Can junior emergency physicians use E-point septal separation to accurately estimate left ventricular function in acutely dyspneic patients? Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(11):1223–1226. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01196.x.
    1. Bustam A, Noor Azhar M, Singh Veriah R, Arumugam K, Loch A. Performance of emergency physicians in point-of-care echocardiography following limited training. Emerg Med J. 2014;31(5):369–373. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2012-201789.
    1. McKaigney CJ, Krantz MJ, La Rocque CL, Hurst ND, Buchanan MS, Kendall JL. E-point septal separation: a bedside tool for emergency physician assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(6):493–497. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.01.045.
    1. Unlüer EE, Karagöz A, Akoğlu H, Bayata S. Visual estimation of bedside echocardiographic ejection fraction by emergency physicians. West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(2):221–226. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2013.9.16185.
    1. Shah SP, Shah SP, Fils-Aime R, Desir W, Joasil J, Venesy DM, Muruganandan KM. Focused cardiopulmonary ultrasound for assessment of dyspnea in a resource-limited setting. Crit Ultrasound J. 2016;8(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s13089-016-0043-y.
    1. Farsi D, Hajsadeghi S, Hajighanbari MJ, Mofidi M, Hafezimoghadam P, Rezai M, Mahshidfar B, Abiri S, Abbasi S. Focused cardiac ultrasound (FOCUS) by emergency medicine residents in patients with suspected cardiovascular diseases. J Ultrasound. 2017;20(2):133–138. doi: 10.1007/s40477-017-0246-5.
    1. Dehbozorgi A, Eslami Nejad S, Mousavi-Roknabadi RS, Sharifi M, Tafakori A, Jalli R. Lung and cardiac ultrasound (LuCUS) protocol in diagnosing acute heart failure in patients with acute dyspnea. Am J Emerg Med. 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.02.040.
    1. Dinh VA, Ko HS, Rao R, Bansal RC, Smith DD, Kim TE, Nguyen HB. Measuring cardiac index with a focused cardiac ultrasound examination in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(9):1845–1851. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.03.025.
    1. Betcher J, Majkrzak A, Cranford J, Kessler R, Theyyunni N, Huang R. Feasibility study of advanced focused cardiac measurements within the emergency department. Crit Ultrasound J. 2018;10(1):10. doi: 10.1186/s13089-018-0093-4.
    1. Unlüer EE, Bayata S, Postaci N, Yeşil M, Yavaşi Ö, Kara PH, Vandenberk N, Akay S. Limited bedside echocardiography by emergency physicians for diagnosis of diastolic heart failure. Emerg Med J. 2012;29(4):280–283. doi: 10.1136/emj.2011.111229.
    1. Ehrman RR, Russell FM, Ansari AH, Margeta B, Clary JM, Christian E, Cosby KS, Bailitz J. Can emergency physicians diagnose and correctly classify diastolic dysfunction using bedside echocardiography? Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33(9):1178–1183. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.05.013.
    1. Del Rios M, Colla J, Kotini-Shah P, Briller J, Gerber B, Prendergast H. Emergency physician use of tissue Doppler bedside echocardiography in detecting diastolic dysfunction: an exploratory study. Crit Ultrasound J. 2018;10(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s13089-018-0084-5.
    1. Nazerian P, Vanni S, Zanobetti M, Polidori G, Pepe G, Federico R, Cangioli E, Grifoni S. Diagnostic accuracy of emergency Doppler echocardiography for identification of acute left ventricular heart failure in patients with acute dyspnea: comparison with Boston criteria and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17(1):18–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00630.x.
    1. Saul T, Avitabile NC, Berkowitz R, Siadecki SD, Rose G, Toomarian M, Kaban NL, Governatori N, Suprun M. The inter-rater reliability of echocardiographic diastolic function evaluation among emergency physician sonographers. J Emerg Med. 2016;51(4):411–417. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.06.031.
    1. Croft PE, Strout TD, Kring RM, Director L, Vasaiwala SC, Mackenzie DC. WAMAMI: emergency physicians can accurately identify wall motion abnormalities in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med. 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.03.037.
    1. Reardon L, Scheels WJ, Singer AJ, Reardon RF. Feasibility and accuracy of speckle tracking echocardiography in emergency department patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(12):2254–2259. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.08.074.
    1. Mandavia DP, Hoffner RJ, Mahaney K, Henderson SO. Bedside echocardiography by emergency physicians. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38(4):377–382. doi: 10.1067/mem.2001.118224.
    1. Martindale JL, Wakai A, Collins SP, Levy PD, Diercks D, Hiestand BC, Fermann GJ, deSouza I, Sinert R. Diagnosing acute heart failure in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2016;23(3):223–242. doi: 10.1111/acem.12878.
    1. McGivery K, Atkinson P, Lewis D, Taylor L, Harris T, Gadd K, Fraser J, Stoica G. Emergency department ultrasound for the detection of B-lines in the early diagnosis of acute decompensated heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CJEM. 2018;20(3):343–352. doi: 10.1017/cem.2018.27.
    1. Lian R, Zhang GC, Yan ST, Sun LC, Zhang SQ, Zhang GQ. Role of ultrasound lung comets in the diagnosis of acute heart failure in emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Environ Sci. 2018;31(8):596–607.
    1. Maw AM, Hassanin A, Ho PM, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care lung ultrasonography and chest radiography in adults with symptoms suggestive of acute decompensated heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(3):e190703. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0703.
    1. Staub LJ, Mazzali Biscaro RR, Kaszubowski E, Maurici R. Lung ultrasound for the emergency diagnosis of pneumonia, acute heart failure, and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Emerg Med. 2019;56(1):53–69. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.09.009.
    1. Pivetta E, Goffi A, Nazerian P, et al. Lung ultrasound integrated with clinical assessment for the diagnosis of acute decompensated heart failure in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019 doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1379.
    1. Baker K, Mitchell G, Stieler G. Limited lung ultrasound protocol in elderly patients with breathlessness; agreement between bedside interpretation and stored images as acquired by experienced and inexperienced sonologists. Australas J Ultrasound Med. 2013;16(2):86–92. doi: 10.1002/j.2205-0140.2013.tb00170.x.
    1. Orso D, Guglielmo N, Copetti R. Lung ultrasound in diagnosing pneumonia in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Emerg Med. 2018;25(5):312–321. doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000517.
    1. Ye X, Xiao H, Chen B, Zhang S. Accuracy of lung ultrasonography versus chest radiography for the diagnosis of adult community-acquired pneumonia: review of the literature and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(6):e0130066. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130066.
    1. Amatya Y, Rupp J, Russell FM, Saunders J, Bales B, House DR. Diagnostic use of lung ultrasound compared to chest radiograph for suspected pneumonia in a resource-limited setting. Int J Emerg Med. 2018;11(1):8. doi: 10.1186/s12245-018-0170-2.
    1. Copetti R, Cattarossi L. Ultrasound diagnosis of pneumonia in children. Radiol Med. 2008;113(2):190–198. doi: 10.1007/s11547-008-0247-8.
    1. Shah VP, Tunik MG, Tsung JW. Prospective evaluation of point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children and young adults. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(2):119–125. doi: 10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.107.
    1. Yilmaz HL, Özkaya AK, Sarı Gökay S, Tolu Kendir Ö, Şenol H. Point-of-care lung ultrasound in children with community acquired pneumonia. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(7):964–969. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.01.065.
    1. Jones BP, Tay ET, Elikashvili I, Sanders JE, Paul AZ, Nelson BP, Spina LA, Tsung JW. Feasibility and safety of substituting lung ultrasonography for chest radiography when diagnosing pneumonia in children: a randomized controlled trial. Chest. 2016;150(1):131–138. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.02.643.
    1. Harel-Sterling M, Diallo M, Santhirakumaran S, Maxim T, Tessaro M. Emergency department resource use in pediatric pneumonia: point-of-care lung ultrasonography versus chest radiography. J Ultrasound Med. 2019;38(2):407–414. doi: 10.1002/jum.14703.
    1. Ebrahimi A, Yousefifard M, Mohammad Kazemi H, Rasouli HR, Asady H, Moghadas Jafari A, Hosseini M. Diagnostic accuracy of chest ultrasonography versus chest radiography for identification of pneumothorax: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tanaffos. 2014;13(4):29–40.
    1. Staub LJ, Biscaro RRM, Kaszubowski E, Maurici R. Chest ultrasonography for the emergency diagnosis of traumatic pneumothorax and haemothorax: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Injury. 2018;49(3):457–466. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.01.033.
    1. Riccardi A, Spinola MB, Ghiglione V, Licenziato M, Lerza R. PoCUS evaluating blunt thoracic trauma: a retrospective analysis of 18 months of emergency department activity. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2019;29(1):31–35. doi: 10.1007/s00590-018-2283-y.
    1. Lalande É, Guimont C, Émond M, Parent MC, Topping C, Kuimi BLB, Boucher V, Le Sage N. Feasibility of emergency department point-of-care ultrasound for rib fracture diagnosis in minor thoracic injury. CJEM. 2017;19(3):213–219. doi: 10.1017/cem.2016.383.
    1. Pishbin E, Ahmadi K, Foogardi M, Salehi M, Seilanian Toosi F, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Comparison of ultrasonography and radiography in diagnosis of rib fractures. Chin J Traumatol. 2017;20(4):226–228. doi: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2016.04.010.
    1. Koh Y, Chua MT, Ho WH, Lee C, Chan GWH, Sen Kuan W. Assessment of dyspneic patients in the emergency department using point-of-care lung and cardiac ultrasonography—a prospective observational study. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(11):6221–6229. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2018.10.30.
    1. Bekgoz B, Kilicaslan I, Bildik F, Keles A, Demircan A, Hakoglu O, Coskun G, Demir HA. BLUE protocol ultrasonography in emergency department patients presenting with acute dyspnea. Am J Emerg Med. 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.02.028.
    1. Volpicelli G, Cardinale L, Berchialla P, Mussa A, Bar F, Frascisco MF. A comparison of different diagnostic tests in the bedside evaluation of pleuritic pain in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(2):317–324. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2010.11.035.
    1. Goffi A, Pivetta E, Lupia E, Porrino G, Civita M, Laurita E, Griot G, Casoli G, Cibinel G. Has lung ultrasound an impact on the management of patients with acute dyspnea in the emergency department? Crit Care. 2013;17(4):R180. doi: 10.1186/cc12863.
    1. Laursen CB, Sloth E, Lambrechtsen J, Lassen AT, Madsen PH, Henriksen DP, Davidsen JR, Rasmussen F. Focused sonography of the heart, lungs, and deep veins identifies missed life-threatening conditions in admitted patients with acute respiratory symptoms. Chest. 2013;144(6):1868–1875. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-0882.
    1. Laursen CB, Sloth E, Lassen AT, Christensen RD, Lambrechtsen J, Madsen PH, Henriksen DP, Davidsen JR, Rasmussen F. Point-of-care ultrasonography in patients admitted with respiratory symptoms: a single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(8):638–646. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70135-3.
    1. Zanobetti M, Scorpiniti M, Gigli C, et al. Point-of-care ultrasonography for evaluation of acute dyspnea in the ED. Chest. 2017;151(6):1295–1301. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.02.003.
    1. Seyedhosseini J, Bashizadeh-Fakhar G, Farzaneh S, Momeni M, Karimialavijeh E. The impact of the BLUE protocol ultrasonography on the time taken to treat acute respiratory distress in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(12):1815–1818. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.06.007.
    1. Buhumaid RE, St-Cyr Bourque J, Shokoohi H, Ma IWY, Longacre M, Liteplo AS. Integrating point-of-care ultrasound in the ED evaluation of patients presenting with chest pain and shortness of breath. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(2):298–303. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.10.059.
    1. Zanobetti M, Poggioni C, Pini R. Can chest ultrasonography replace standard chest radiography for evaluation of acute dyspnea in the ED? Chest. 2011;139(5):1140–1147. doi: 10.1378/chest.10-0435.
    1. Sforza A, Mancusi C, Carlino MV, Buonauro A, Barozzi M, Romano G, Serra S, de Simone G. Diagnostic performance of multi-organ ultrasound with pocket-sized device in the management of acute dyspnea. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2017;15(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s12947-017-0105-8.
    1. Carlino MV, Paladino F, Sforza A, Serra C, Liccardi F, de Simone G, Mancusi C. Assessment of left atrial size in addition to focused cardiopulmonary ultrasound improves diagnostic accuracy of acute heart failure in the emergency department. Echocardiography. 2018;35(6):785–791. doi: 10.1111/echo.13851.
    1. Papanagnou D, Secko M, Gullett J, Stone M, Zehtabchi S. Clinician-performed bedside ultrasound in improving diagnostic accuracy in patients presenting to the ED with acute dyspnea. West J Emerg Med. 2017;18(3):382–389. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2017.1.31223.
    1. Blois B. Office-based ultrasound screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Can Fam Physician. 2012;58(3):e172–e178.
    1. Bailey RP, Ault M, Greengold NL, Rosendahl T, Cossman D. Ultrasonography performed by primary care residents for abdominal aortic aneurysm screening. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(12):845–849. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.01128.x.
    1. Bravo-Merino L, González-Lozano N, Maroto-Salmón R, Meijide-Santos G, Suárez-Gil P, Fañanás-Mastral A. Validity of the abdominal ecography in primary care for detection of aorta abdominal aneurism in male between 65 and 75 years. Aten Primaria. 2019;51(1):11–17. doi: 10.1016/j.aprim.2017.10.005.
    1. Sisó-Almirall A, Kostov B, Navarro González M, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm screening program using hand-held ultrasound in primary healthcare. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(4):e0176877. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176877.
    1. Hoffmann B, Um P, Bessman ES, Ding R, Kelen GD, McCarthy ML. Routine screening for asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm in high-risk patients is not recommended in emergency departments that are frequently crowded. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(11):1242–1250. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00502.x.
    1. Lindgaard K, Riisgaard L. Validation of ultrasound examinations performed by general practitioners. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2017;35(3):256–261. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2017.1358437.
    1. Rubano E, Mehta N, Caputo W, Paladino L, Sinert R. Systematic review: emergency department bedside ultrasonography for diagnosing suspected abdominal aortic aneurysm. Acad Emerg Med. 2013;20(2):128–138. doi: 10.1111/acem.12080.
    1. Okahara A, Sadamatsu K, Matsuura T, Koga Y, Mine D, Yoshida K. Coronary artery disease screening with carotid ultrasound examination by a primary care physician. Cardiol Res Pract. 2016;7(1):9–16. doi: 10.14740/cr456w.
    1. Mumoli N, Vitale J, Giorgi-Pierfranceschi M, et al. General practitioner-performed compression ultrasonography for diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the leg: a multicenter, prospective cohort study. Ann Fam Med. 2017;15(6):535–539. doi: 10.1370/afm.2109.
    1. Pomero F, Dentali F, Borretta V, Bonzini M, Melchio R, Douketis JD, Fenoglio LM. Accuracy of emergency physician-performed ultrasonography in the diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2013;109(1):137–145. doi: 10.1160/TH12-07-0473.
    1. Lee JH, Lee SH, Yun SJ. Comparison of 2-point and 3-point point-of-care ultrasound techniques for deep vein thrombosis at the emergency department: a meta-analysis. Medicine. 2019;98(22):e15791. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000015791.
    1. Torres-Macho J, Antón-Santos JM, García-Gutierrez I, et al. Initial accuracy of bedside ultrasound performed by emergency physicians for multiple indications after a short training period. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(9):1943–1949. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.04.015.
    1. Crowhurst TD, Dunn RJ. Sensitivity and specificity of three-point compression ultrasonography performed by emergency physicians for proximal lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. Emerg Med Australas. 2013;25(6):588–596. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12155.
    1. Nygren D, Hård Af Segerstad C, Ellehuus Hilmersson C, Elf J, Ulf E, Lundager Forberg J. Good outcomes when emergency physicians diagnosed deep vein thrombosis. Lakartidningen. 2018;115(3):92–95.
    1. Seyedhosseini J, Fadavi A, Vahidi E, Saeedi M, Momeni M. Impact of point-of-care ultrasound on disposition time of patients presenting with lower extremity deep vein thrombosis, done by emergency physicians. Turk J Emerg Med. 2018;18(1):20–24. doi: 10.1016/j.tjem.2017.12.003.
    1. Costantino TG, Parikh AK, Satz WA, Fojtik JP. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access versus traditional approaches in patients with difficult intravenous access. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;46(5):456–461. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.12.026.
    1. Dargin JM, Rebholz CM, Lowenstein RA, Mitchell PM, Feldman JA. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous catheter survival in ED patients with difficult access. Am J Emerg Med. 2010;28(1):1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2008.09.001.
    1. Vinograd AM, Zorc JJ, Dean AJ, Abbadessa MKF, Chen AE. First-attempt success, longevity, and complication rates of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheters in children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018;34(6):376–380. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001063.
    1. Stein J, George B, River G, Hebig A, McDermott D. Ultrasonographically guided peripheral intravenous cannulation in emergency department patients with difficult intravenous access: a randomized trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2009;54(1):33–40. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.07.048.
    1. Oakley E, Wong A-M. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010;22(2):166–170.
    1. Otani T, Morikawa Y, Hayakawa I, et al. Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous access placement for children in the emergency department. Eur J Pediatr. 2018;177(10):1443–1449. doi: 10.1007/s00431-018-3201-3.
    1. Rupp JD, Ferre RM, Boyd JS, Dearing E, McNaughton CD, Liu D, Jarrell KL, McWade CM, Self WH. Extravasation risk using ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheters for computed tomography contrast administration. Acad Emerg Med. 2016;23(8):918–921. doi: 10.1111/acem.13000.
    1. Keyes LE, Frazee BW, Snoey ER, Simon BC, Christy D. Ultrasound-guided brachial and basilic vein cannulation in emergency department patients with difficult intravenous access. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34(6):711–714. doi: 10.1016/S0196-0644(99)70095-8.
    1. Schnadower D, Lin S, Perera P, Smerling A, Dayan P. A pilot study of ultrasound analysis before pediatric peripheral vein cannulation attempt. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14(5):483–485. doi: 10.1197/j.aem.2006.12.016.
    1. Zitek T, Busby E, Hudson H, McCourt JD, Baydoun J, Slattery DE. Ultrasound-guided placement of single-lumen peripheral intravenous catheters in the internal jugular vein. West J Emerg Med. 2018;19(5):808–812. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2018.6.37883.
    1. Wong C, Teitge B, Ross M, Young P, Robertson HL, Lang E. The accuracy and prognostic value of point-of-care ultrasound for nephrolithiasis in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2018;25(6):684–698. doi: 10.1111/acem.13388.
    1. Javaudin F, Mounier F, Pes P, Arnaudet I, Vignaud F, Frampas E, Le Conte P, Winfocus-France study group Evaluation of a short formation on the performance of point-of-care renal ultrasound performed by physicians without previous ultrasound skills: prospective observational study. Crit Ultrasound J. 2017;9(1):23. doi: 10.1186/s13089-017-0078-8.
    1. Guedj R, Escoda S, Blakime P, Patteau G, Brunelle F, Cheron G. The accuracy of renal point of care ultrasound to detect hydronephrosis in children with a urinary tract infection. Eur J Emerg Med. 2015;22(2):135–138. doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000158.
    1. Smith-Bindman R, Aubin C, Bailitz J, et al. Ultrasonography versus computed tomography for suspected nephrolithiasis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(12):1100–1110. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1404446.
    1. Park YH, Jung RB, Lee YG, Hong CK, Ahn J-H, Shin TY, Kim YS, Ha YR. Does the use of bedside ultrasonography reduce emergency department length of stay for patients with renal colic?: a pilot study. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2016;3(4):197–203. doi: 10.15441/ceem.15.109.
    1. Blaivas M, Sierzenski P, Lambert M. Emergency evaluation of patients presenting with acute scrotum using bedside ultrasonography. Acad Emerg Med. 2001;8(1):90–93. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00563.x.
    1. Bratland SZ, Nordshus T. Ultrasonography of the gallbladder in general practice. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1985;105(28):1946–1948.
    1. Eggebø TM, Sørvang S, Dalaker K. Ultrasonic diagnosis of the upper abdomen performed in general practice. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1990;110(9):1096–1098.
    1. Esquerrà M, Roura Poch P, Masat Ticó T, Canal V, Maideu Mir J, Cruxent R. Abdominal ultrasound: a diagnostic tool within the reach of general practitioners. Aten Primaria. 2012;44(10):576–583. doi: 10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07.016.
    1. Schlager D, Lazzareschi G, Whitten D, Sanders AB. A prospective study of ultrasonography in the ED by emergency physicians. Am J Emerg Med. 1994;12(2):185–189. doi: 10.1016/0735-6757(94)90244-5.
    1. Blaivas M, Harwood RA, Lambert MJ. Decreasing length of stay with emergency ultrasound examination of the gallbladder. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6(10):1020–1023. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1999.tb01186.x.
    1. Ross M, Brown M, McLaughlin K, Atkinson P, Thompson J, Powelson S, Clark S, Lang E. Emergency physician-performed ultrasound to diagnose cholelithiasis: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(3):227–235. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01012.x.
    1. Scruggs W, Fox JC, Potts B, Zlidenny A, McDonough J, Anderson CL, Larson J, Barajas G, Langdorf MI. Accuracy of ED bedside ultrasound for identification of gallstones: retrospective analysis of 575 studies. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(1):1–5.
    1. Hilsden R, Leeper R, Koichopolos J, Vandelinde JD, Parry N, Thompson D, Myslik F. Point-of-care biliary ultrasound in the emergency department (BUSED): implications for surgical referral and emergency department wait times. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2018;3(1):e000164. doi: 10.1136/tsaco-2018-000164.
    1. Rosen CL, Brown DF, Chang Y, Moore C, Averill NJ, Arkoff LJ, McCabe CJ, Wolfe RE. Ultrasonography by emergency physicians in patients with suspected cholecystitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2001;19(1):32–36. doi: 10.1053/ajem.2001.20028.
    1. Summers SM, Scruggs W, Menchine MD, Lahham S, Anderson C, Amr O, Lotfipour S, Cusick SS, Fox JC. A prospective evaluation of emergency department bedside ultrasonography for the detection of acute cholecystitis. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56(2):114–122. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.01.014.
    1. Shekarchi B, Hejripour Rafsanjani SZ, Shekar Riz Fomani N, Chahardoli M. Emergency department bedside ultrasonography for diagnosis of acute cholecystitis; a diagnostic accuracy study. Emergency. 2018;6(1):e11.
    1. Tootian Tourghabe J, Arabikhan HR, Alamdaran A, Zamani Moghadam H. Emergency medicine resident versus radiologist in detecting the ultrasonographic signs of acute cholecystitis; a diagnostic accuracy study. Emergency. 2018;6(1):e19.
    1. Bektas F, Eken C, Soyuncu S, Kusoglu L, Cete Y. Contribution of goal-directed ultrasonography to clinical decision-making for emergency physicians. Emerg Med J. 2009;26(3):169–172. doi: 10.1136/emj.2008.059220.
    1. Adhikari S, Morrison D, Lyon M, Zeger W, Krueger A. Utility of point-of-care biliary ultrasound in the evaluation of emergency patients with isolated acute non-traumatic epigastric pain. Intern Emerg Med. 2014;9(5):583–587. doi: 10.1007/s11739-014-1047-x.
    1. Lahham S, Becker BA, Gari A, Bunch S, Alvarado M, Anderson CL, Viquez E, Spann SC, Fox JC. Utility of common bile duct measurement in ED point of care ultrasound: a prospective study. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(6):962–966. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.10.064.
    1. Benabbas R, Hanna M, Shah J, Sinert R. Diagnostic accuracy of history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and point-of-care ultrasound for pediatric acute appendicitis in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2017;24(5):523–551. doi: 10.1111/acem.13181.
    1. Nicole M, Desjardins MP, Gravel J. Bedside sonography performed by emergency physicians to detect appendicitis in children. Acad Emerg Med. 2018 doi: 10.1111/acem.13445.
    1. Lee SH, Yun SJ. Diagnostic performance of emergency physician-performed point-of-care ultrasonography for acute appendicitis: a meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(4):696–705. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.07.025.
    1. Fields JM, Davis J, Alsup C, Bates A, Au A, Adhikari S, Farrell I. Accuracy of point-of-care ultrasonography for diagnosing acute appendicitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2017;24(9):1124–1136. doi: 10.1111/acem.13212.
    1. Shahbazipar M, Seyedhosseini J, Vahidi E, Sheikh Motahar Vahedi H, Jahanshir A. Accuracy of ultrasound exam performed by emergency medicine versus radiology residents in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Eur J Emerg Med. 2018 doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000547.
    1. Sharif S, Skitch S, Vlahaki D, Healey A. Point-of-care ultrasound to diagnose appendicitis in a Canadian emergency department. CJEM. 2018;20(5):732–735. doi: 10.1017/cem.2018.373.
    1. Corson-Knowles D, Russell FM. Clinical ultrasound is safe and highly specific for acute appendicitis in moderate to high pre-test probability patients. West J Emerg Med. 2018;19(3):460–464. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2018.1.36891.
    1. Riera A, Hsiao AL, Langhan ML, Goodman TR, Chen L. Diagnosis of intussusception by physician novice sonographers in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60(3):264–268. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.02.007.
    1. Lam SHF, Wise A, Yenter C. Emergency bedside ultrasound for the diagnosis of pediatric intussusception: a retrospective review. World J Emerg Med. 2014;5(4):255–258. doi: 10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2014.04.002.
    1. Chang Y-J, Hsia S-H, Chao H-C. Emergency medicine physicians performed ultrasound for pediatric intussusceptions. Biomed J. 2013;36(4):175–178. doi: 10.4103/2319-4170.112739.
    1. Kim JH, Lee J-Y, Kwon JH, Cho H-R, Lee JS, Ryu J-M. Point-of-care ultrasound could streamline the emergency department workflow of clinically nonspecific intussusception. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2017 doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001283.
    1. Becker BA, Lahham S, Gonzales MA, Nomura JT, Bui MK, Truong TA, Stahlman BA, Fox JC, Kehrl T. A prospective, multicenter evaluation of point-of-care ultrasound for small-bowel obstruction in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2019 doi: 10.1111/acem.13713.
    1. Unlüer EE, Yavaşi O, Eroğlu O, Yilmaz C, Akarca FK. Ultrasonography by emergency medicine and radiology residents for the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction. Eur J Emerg Med. 2010;17(5):260–264. doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0b013e328336c736.
    1. Jang TB, Schindler D, Kaji AH. Bedside ultrasonography for the detection of small bowel obstruction in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2011;28(8):676–678. doi: 10.1136/emj.2010.095729.
    1. Frasure SE, Hildreth AF, Seethala R, Kimberly HH. Accuracy of abdominal ultrasound for the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction in the emergency department. World J Emerg Med. 2018;9(4):267–271. doi: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2018.04.005.
    1. Doniger SJ, Dessie A, Latronica C. Measuring the transrectal diameter on point-of-care ultrasound to diagnose constipation in children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018;34(3):154–159. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000775.
    1. Hasani SA, Fathi M, Daadpey M, Zare MA, Tavakoli N, Abbasi S. Accuracy of bedside emergency physician performed ultrasound in diagnosing different causes of acute abdominal pain: a prospective study. Clin Imaging. 2015;39(3):476–479. doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2015.01.011.
    1. Bourcier J-E, Gallard E, Redonnet J-P, Majourau M, Deshaie D, Bourgeois J-M, Garnier D, Geeraerts T. Diagnostic performance of abdominal point of care ultrasound performed by an emergency physician in acute right iliac fossa pain. Crit Ultrasound J. 2018;10(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s13089-018-0112-5.
    1. Johansen I, Grimsmo A, Nakling J. Ultrasonography in primary health care—experiences within obstetrics 1983–99. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002;122(20):1995–1998.
    1. Bratland SZ, Eik-Nes SH. Ultrasonic diagnosis of pregnant women in general practice. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1985;105(28):1940–1946.
    1. Eggebø TM, Dalaker K. Ultrasonic diagnosis of pregnant women performed in general practice. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1989;109(29):2979–2981.
    1. Ornstein SM, Smith MA, Peggs J, Garr D, Gonzales J. Obstetric ultrasound by family physicians. Adequacy as assessed by pregnancy outcome. J Fam Pract. 1990;30(4):403–408.
    1. Rodney WM, Prislin MD, Orientale E, McConnell M, Hahn RG. Family practice obstetric ultrasound in an urban community health center. Birth outcomes and examination accuracy of the initial 227 cases. J Fam Pract. 1990;30(2):163–168.
    1. Brunader R. Accuracy of prenatal sonography performed by family practice residents. Fam Med. 1996;28(6):407–410.
    1. Keith R, Frisch L. Fetal biometry: a comparison of family physicians and radiologists. Fam Med. 2001;33(2):111–114.
    1. Bailey C, Carnell J, Vahidnia F, Shah S, Stone M, Adams M, Nagdev A. Accuracy of emergency physicians using ultrasound measurement of crown-rump length to estimate gestational age in pregnant females. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(8):1627–1629. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2011.12.002.
    1. Saul T, Lewiss RE, Rivera MDR. Accuracy of emergency physician performed bedside ultrasound in determining gestational age in first trimester pregnancy. Crit Ultrasound J. 2012;4(1):22. doi: 10.1186/2036-7902-4-22.
    1. Shah S, Teismann N, Zaia B, Vahidnia F, River G, Price D, Nagdev A. Accuracy of emergency physicians using ultrasound to determine gestational age in pregnant women. Am J Emerg Med. 2010;28(7):834–838. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2009.07.024.
    1. Stein JC, Wang R, Adler N, Boscardin J, Jacoby VL, Won G, Goldstein R, Kohn MA. Emergency physician ultrasonography for evaluating patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56(6):674–683. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.06.563.
    1. Beals T, Naraghi L, Grossestreuer A, Schafer J, Balk D, Hoffmann B. Point of care ultrasound is associated with decreased ED length of stay for symptomatic early pregnancy. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(6):1165–1168. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.03.025.
    1. Strommen J, Masullo L, Crowell T, Moffett P. First-trimester vaginal bleeding: patient expectations when presenting to the emergency department. Mil Med. 2017;182(11):e1824–e1826. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00108.
    1. Everett CB, Preece E. Women with bleeding in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy: value of general practice ultrasound in detecting fetal heart movement. Br J Gen Pract. 1996;46(402):7–9.
    1. Varner C, Balaban D, McLeod S, Carver S, Borgundvaag B. Fetal outcomes following emergency department point-of-care ultrasound for vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2016;62(7):572–578.
    1. Shah S, Adedipe A, Ruffatto B, Backlund BH, Sajed D, Rood K, Fernandez R. BE-SAFE: bedside sonography for assessment of the fetus in emergencies: educational intervention for late-pregnancy obstetric ultrasound. West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(6):636–640. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2014.7.18480.
    1. Gottlieb M, Holladay D, Peksa GD. Point-of-care ocular ultrasound for the diagnosis of retinal detachment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2019 doi: 10.1111/acem.13682.
    1. Jacobsen B, Lahham S, Lahham S, Patel A, Spann S, Fox JC. Retrospective review of ocular point-of-care ultrasound for detection of retinal detachment. West J Emerg Med. 2016;17(2):196–200. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2015.12.28711.
    1. Lahham S, Shniter I, Thompson M, Le D, Chadha T, Mailhot T, Kang TL, Chiem A, Tseeng S, Fox JC. Point-of-care ultrasonography in the diagnosis of retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and vitreous detachment in the emergency department. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(4):e192162. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2162.
    1. Ojaghihaghighi S, Lombardi KM, Davis S, Vahdati SS, Sorkhabi R, Pourmand A. Diagnosis of traumatic eye injuries with point-of-care ocular ultrasonography in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.001.
    1. Ojaghi Haghighi SH, Morteza Begi HR, Sorkhabi R, Tarzamani MK, Kamali Zonouz G, Mikaeilpour A, Rahmani F. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in detection of traumatic lens dislocation. Emergency. 2014;2(3):121–124.
    1. Barbic D, Chenkin J, Cho DD, Jelic T, Scheuermeyer FX. In patients presenting to the emergency department with skin and soft tissue infections what is the diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of abscess compared to the current standard of care? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7(1):e013688. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013688.
    1. Subramaniam S, Bober J, Chao J, Zehtabchi S. Point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of abscess in skin and soft tissue infections. Acad Emerg Med. 2016;23(11):1298–1306. doi: 10.1111/acem.13049.
    1. Gaspari R, Dayno M, Briones J, Blehar D. Comparison of computerized tomography and ultrasound for diagnosing soft tissue abscesses. Crit Ultrasound J. 2012;4(1):5. doi: 10.1186/2036-7902-4-5.
    1. Greenlund LJS, Merry SP, Thacher TD, Ward WJ. Primary care management of skin abscesses guided by ultrasound. Am J Med. 2017;130(5):e191–e193. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.11.040.
    1. Mower WR, Crisp JG, Krishnadasan A, Moran GJ, Abrahamian FM, Lovecchio F, Karras DJ, Steele MT, Rothman RE, Talan DA. Effect of initial bedside ultrasonography on emergency department skin and soft tissue infection management. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.002.
    1. Lam SHF, Sivitz A, Alade K, et al. Comparison of ultrasound guidance vs. clinical assessment alone for management of pediatric skin and soft tissue infections. J Emerg Med. 2018;55(5):693–701. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.07.010.
    1. Gaspari RJ, Sanseverino A. Ultrasound-guided drainage for pediatric soft tissue abscesses decreases clinical failure rates compared to drainage without ultrasound: a retrospective study. J Ultrasound Med. 2018;37(1):131–136. doi: 10.1002/jum.14318.
    1. Gaspari RJ, Sanseverino A, Gleeson T. Abscess incision and drainage with or without ultrasonography: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;73(1):1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.05.014.
    1. Lin MJ, Neuman M, Rempell R, Monuteaux M, Levy J. Point-of-care ultrasound is associated with decreased length of stay in children presenting to the emergency department with soft tissue infection. J Emerg Med. 2018;54(1):96–101. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.09.017.
    1. Costantino TG, Satz WA, Dehnkamp W, Goett H. Randomized trial comparing intraoral ultrasound to landmark-based needle aspiration in patients with suspected peritonsillar abscess. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19(6):626–631. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01380.x.
    1. Adhikari S, Blaivas M, Lander L. Comparison of bedside ultrasound and panorex radiography in the diagnosis of a dental abscess in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29(7):790–795. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2010.03.005.
    1. Levine MC, Arroyo A, Likourezos A, Homel P, Dickman E. The use of point of care ultrasound in the evaluation of pediatric soft tissue neck masses. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.10.048.
    1. Friedman N, Tseng F, Savic R, Diallo M, Fathi K, Mclean L, Tessaro MO. Reliability of neck mass point-of-care ultrasound by pediatric emergency physicians. J Ultrasound Med. 2019 doi: 10.1002/jum.14993.
    1. Friedman DI, Forti RJ, Wall SP, Crain EF. The utility of bedside ultrasound and patient perception in detecting soft tissue foreign bodies in children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2005;21(8):487–492. doi: 10.1097/01.pec.0000173344.30401.8e.
    1. Oguz AB, Polat O, Eneyli MG, Gulunay B, Eksioglu M, Gurler S. The efficiency of bedside ultrasonography in patients with wrist injury and comparison with other radiological imaging methods: a prospective study. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(6):855–859. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.01.043.
    1. Lee SH, Yun SJ. Point-of-care wrist ultrasonography in trauma patients with ulnar-sided pain and instability. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(5):859–864. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.01.005.
    1. Gün C, Unlüer EE, Vandenberk N, Karagöz A, Sentürk GO, Oyar O. Bedside ultrasonography by emergency physicians for anterior talofibular ligament injury. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2013;6(3):195–198. doi: 10.4103/0974-2700.115340.
    1. Lee SH, Yun SJ. The feasibility of point-of-care ankle ultrasound examination in patients with recurrent ankle sprain and chronic ankle instability: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Injury. 2017;48(10):2323–2328. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2017.07.015.
    1. Wu TS, Roque PJ, Green J, Drachman D, Khor K-N, Rosenberg M, Simpson C. Bedside ultrasound evaluation of tendon injuries. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(8):1617–1621. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2011.11.004.
    1. Mohammadrezaei N, Seyedhosseini J, Vahidi E. Validity of ultrasound in diagnosis of tendon injuries in penetrating extremity trauma. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(7):945–948. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.01.059.
    1. Vieira RL, Levy JA. Bedside ultrasonography to identify hip effusions in pediatric patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;55(3):284–289. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.06.527.
    1. Cruz CI, Vieira RL, Mannix RC, Monuteaux MC, Levy JA. Point-of-care hip ultrasound in a pediatric emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(7):1174–1177. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.11.059.
    1. Adhikari S, Blaivas M. Utility of bedside sonography to distinguish soft tissue abnormalities from joint effusions in the emergency department. J Ultrasound Med. 2010;29(4):519–526. doi: 10.7863/jum.2010.29.4.519.
    1. Gottlieb M, Holladay D, Peksa GD. Point-of-care ultrasound for the diagnosis of shoulder dislocation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(4):757–761. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.02.024.
    1. Lee SH, Yun SJ. Efficiency of knee ultrasound for diagnosing anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Skel Radiol. 2019 doi: 10.1007/s00256-019-03225-w.
    1. Weinberg ER, Tunik MG, Tsung JW. Accuracy of clinician-performed point-of-care ultrasound for the diagnosis of fractures in children and young adults. Injury. 2010;41(8):862–868. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2010.04.020.
    1. Riera A, Chen L. Ultrasound evaluation of skull fractures in children: a feasibility study. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;28(5):420–425. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e318252da3b.
    1. Parri N, Crosby BJ, Glass C, Mannelli F, Sforzi I, Schiavone R, Ban KM. Ability of emergency ultrasonography to detect pediatric skull fractures: a prospective, observational study. J Emerg Med. 2013;44(1):135–141. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.02.038.
    1. Rabiner JE, Friedman LM, Khine H, Avner JR, Tsung JW. Accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of skull fractures in children. Pediatrics. 2013;131(6):e1757–e1764. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-3921.
    1. Choi JY, Lim YS, Jang JH, Park WB, Hyun SY, Cho JS. Accuracy of bedside ultrasound for the diagnosis of skull fractures in children aged 0 to 4 years. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018 doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001485.
    1. Parri N, Crosby BJ, Mills L, Soucy Z, Musolino AM, Da Dalt L, Cirilli A, Grisotto L, Kuppermann N. Point-of-care ultrasound for the diagnosis of skull fractures in children younger than two years of age. J Pediatr. 2018;196:230–236.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.057.
    1. Cross KP, Warkentine FH, Kim IK, Gracely E, Paul RI. Bedside ultrasound diagnosis of clavicle fractures in the pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17(7):687–693. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00788.x.
    1. Chien M, Bulloch B, Garcia-Filion P, Youssfi M, Shrader MW, Segal LS. Bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of pediatric clavicle fractures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(11):1038–1041. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e318235e965.
    1. Lee SH, Yun SJ. Diagnostic performance of ultrasonography for detection of pediatric elbow fracture: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.03.009.
    1. Rabiner JE, Khine H, Avner JR, Tsung JW. Ultrasound findings of the elbow posterior fat pad in children with radial head subluxation. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015;31(5):327–330. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000420.
    1. Chartier LB, Bosco L, Lapointe-Shaw L, Chenkin J. Use of point-of-care ultrasound in long bone fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CJEM. 2017;19(2):131–142. doi: 10.1017/cem.2016.397.
    1. Hedelin H, Tingström C, Hebelka H, Karlsson J. Minimal training sufficient to diagnose pediatric wrist fractures with ultrasound. Crit Ultrasound J. 2017;9(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s13089-017-0066-z.
    1. Rowlands R, Rippey J, Tie S, Flynn J. Bedside ultrasound vs X-ray for the diagnosis of forearm fractures in children. J Emerg Med. 2017;52(2):208–215. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.10.013.
    1. Douma-den Hamer D, Blanker MH, Edens MA, Buijteweg LN, Boomsma MF, van Helden SH, Mauritz G-J. Ultrasound for distal forearm fracture: a systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(5):e0155659. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155659.
    1. Sivrikaya S, Aksay E, Bayram B, Oray NC, Karakasli A, Altintas E. Emergency physicians performed point-of-care-ultrasonography for detecting distal forearm fracture. Turk J Emerg Med. 2016;16(3):98–101. doi: 10.1016/j.tjem.2016.04.002.
    1. Tayal VS, Antoniazzi J, Pariyadath M, Norton HJ. Prospective use of ultrasound imaging to detect bony hand injuries in adults. J Ultrasound Med. 2007;26(9):1143–1148. doi: 10.7863/jum.2007.26.9.1143.
    1. Neri E, Barbi E, Rabach I, Zanchi C, Norbedo S, Ronfani L, Guastalla V, Ventura A, Guastalla P. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for hand bony fractures in paediatric patients. Arch Dis Child. 2014;99(12):1087–1090. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-305678.
    1. Kozaci N, Ay MO, Akcimen M, Sasmaz I, Turhan G, Boz A. The effectiveness of bedside point-of-care ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of metacarpal fractures. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33(10):1468–1472. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.06.052.
    1. Aksay E, Yesilaras M, Kılıc TY, Tur FC, Sever M, Kaya A. Sensitivity and specificity of bedside ultrasonography in the diagnosis of fractures of the fifth metacarpal. Emerg Med J. 2015;32(3):221–225. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2013-202971.
    1. Aksay E, Kilic TY, Yesılaras M, Tur FC, Sever M, Kalenderer O. Accuracy of bedside ultrasonography for the diagnosis of finger fractures. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(5):809–812. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.01.010.
    1. Gungor F, Akyol KC, Eken C, Kesapli M, Beydilli I, Akcimen M. The value of point-of-care ultrasound for detecting nail bed injury in ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(9):1850–1854. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.06.067.
    1. Kocaoğlu S, Özhasenekler A, İçme F, Pamukçu Günaydın G, Şener A, Gökhan Ş. The role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of metacarpal fractures. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(9):1868–1871. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.06.083.
    1. Kozaci N, Ay MO, Avci M, Turhan S, Donertas E, Celik A, Ararat E, Akgun E. The comparison of point-of-care ultrasonography and radiography in the diagnosis of tibia and fibula fractures. Injury. 2017;48(7):1628–1635. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2017.04.010.
    1. Atilla OD, Yesilaras M, Kilic TY, Tur FC, Reisoglu A, Sever M, Aksay E. The accuracy of bedside ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool for fractures in the ankle and foot. Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21(9):1058–1061. doi: 10.1111/acem.12467.
    1. Tollefson B, Nichols J, Fromang S, Summers RL. Validation of the Sonographic Ottawa Foot and Ankle Rules (SOFAR) study in a large urban trauma center. J Miss State Med Assoc. 2016;57(2):35–38.
    1. Ozturk P, Aksay E, Oray NC, Bayram B, Basci O, Tokgoz D. The accuracy of emergency physician performed ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool for lateral malleolar fracture. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(3):362–365. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.08.020.
    1. Yesilaras M, Aksay E, Atilla OD, Sever M, Kalenderer O. The accuracy of bedside ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool for the fifth metatarsal fractures. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(2):171–174. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.11.009.
    1. Kozaci N, Ay MO, Avci M, Beydilli I, Turhan S, Donertas E, Ararat E. The comparison of radiography and point-of-care ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of metatarsal fractures. Injury. 2017;48(2):542–547. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.12.018.
    1. Fagan TJ. Letter: Nomogram for Bayes theorem. N Engl J Med. 1975;293(5):257.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer och medarbetare

Medicinska tillstånd

Läkemedelsinterventioner

3
Prenumerera