PreHospital Ambulance Stroke Test - pilot study of a novel stroke test

Gunnar Andsberg, Magnus Esbjörnsson, Arne Olofsson, Arne Lindgren, Bo Norrving, Mia von Euler, Gunnar Andsberg, Magnus Esbjörnsson, Arne Olofsson, Arne Lindgren, Bo Norrving, Mia von Euler

Abstract

Background: There is a need for a prehospital stroke test that in addition to high sensitivity for stroke, also is able to communicate stroke severity similar to the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).

Methods: The PreHospital Ambulance Stroke Test (PreHAST), an eight item test based on NIHSS, which scores stroke severity from 0-19 points, was designed and adapted for the ambulance services. In the pilot study the ambulance nurses used PreHAST to assess patients with suspected stroke in the prehospital setting. Regardless of the results after PreHAST testing the patients were triaged with a provisional stroke diagnosis. The PreHAST scores were compared with the final diagnosis and the ability to differentiate stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIA) with ongoing symptoms at evaluation from non-stroke patients was analysed.

Results: 69 patients were included in the study, 26 had stroke/TIA and 43 other diagnoses. All stroke/TIA patients were identified by PreHAST (sensitivity 100% (95% CI; 87-100%)). The specificity increased with higher PreHAST scores and the discriminative capacity for PreHAST for different cut off values showed an area under the curve of 0.77 (95%CI; 0.66-0.88) in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

Discussion: PreHAST is designed for high sensitivity, screening for a broad range of stroke symptoms including most key components of NIHSS. The promising sensitivity between 87 and 100% in our study has to be confirmed in a larger study also including multiple centres. Higher PreHAST scores implied more typical patterns of stroke and accordingly the proportion of stroke mimics decrease with higher scores. However, also stroke mimics with epilepsy/seizure and patients with deficit after prior stroke could show higher PreHAST scores. Other prehospital stroke tests that evaluate stroke severity have been designed with the main purpose to screen for large vessel occlusion. The advantage of PreHAST is the dual purpose not only to evaluate stroke severity but also to screen for stroke in general.

Conclusions: PreHAST is a new screening test of stroke adapted for ambulance services that in addition to high sensitivity for stroke, provides a grading system with increasing specificity with higher scores.

Keywords: Cerebrovascular diseases; Prehospital; Stroke Scale; Strokes; TIA; Treatment.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Distribution of the PreHAST scores in the cohort
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Sensitivity and Specificity for different PreHAST cut-off values Number of stroke/TIA patients with PreHAST scores (PH) higher than the given cut-off value are shown in parentheses
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Stroke mimics with positive PreHAST scores The distribution of PreHAST scores in the subgroup of Non stroke patients (stroke mimics) who showed deficit at PreHAST evaluation (positive PreHAST scores). The four most frequent stroke mimic diagnosis with positive PreHAST scores is shown in different shadows of grey bars according to the PreHAST score category

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