Feature-Level Analysis of a Smoking Cessation Smartphone App Based on a Positive Psychology Approach: Prospective Observational Study

Bettina B Hoepper, Kaitlyn R Siegel, Hannah A Carlon, Christopher W Kahler, Elyse R Park, Steven Trevor Taylor, Hazel V Simpson, Susanne S Hoeppner, Bettina B Hoepper, Kaitlyn R Siegel, Hannah A Carlon, Christopher W Kahler, Elyse R Park, Steven Trevor Taylor, Hazel V Simpson, Susanne S Hoeppner

Abstract

Background: Smoking cessation smartphone apps have emerged as highly accessible tools to support smoking cessation efforts. It is unknown how specific app features contribute to user engagement over time and relate to smoking outcomes.

Objective: To provide a feature-level analysis of the Smiling Instead of Smoking app (version 2) and to link feature use to subsequent smoking cessation.

Methods: Nondaily smokers (N=100) used the app for a period of 49 days (1 week before quitting and 6 weeks after quitting). Participants self-reported 30-day point-prevalence abstinence at the end of this period and at a 6-month follow up (the survey response rate was 94% and 89% at these points, respectively). Self-reported 30-day point prevalence abstinence rates were 40% at the end of treatment and 56% at the 6-month follow up. The app engaged users in both positive psychology content and traditional behavioral smoking cessation content. The app sent push notifications to prompt participants to complete prescribed content (ie, a "happiness exercise" every day and a "behavioral challenge" to use the app's smoking cessation tools on 15 out of 49 days). Actions that participants took within the app were timestamped and recorded.

Results: Participants used the app on 24.7 (SD 13.8) days out of the 49 prescribed days, interacting with the happiness content on more days than the smoking content (23.8, SD 13.8 days vs 17.8, SD 10.3 days; t99=9.28 [2-tailed]; P<.001). The prescribed content was frequently completed (45% of happiness exercises; 57% of behavioral challenges) and ad libitum tools were used on ≤7 days. Most participants used each ad libitum smoking cessation tool at least once, with higher use of personalized content (≥92% used "strategies," "cigarette log," "smoke alarms," and "personal reasons") than purely didactic content (79% viewed "benefits of quitting smoking"). The number of days participants used the app significantly predicted 30-day point-prevalence abstinence at the end of treatment (odds ratio [OR] 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.09; P=.002) and at the 6-month follow up (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.008-1.07; P=.01). The number of days participants engaged with the happiness content significantly predicted smoking abstinence at the end of treatment (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.08; P=.002) and at the 6-month follow up (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.007-1.07; P=.02). This effect was not significant for the number of days participants engaged with the smoking cessation content of the app, either at the end of treatment (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.996-1.08, P=.08) or at the 6-month follow up (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.98-1.06; P=.29).

Conclusions: Greater app usage predicted greater odds of self-reported 30-day point-prevalence abstinence at both the end of treatment and over the long term, suggesting that the app had a therapeutic benefit. Positive psychology content and prescriptive clarity may promote sustained app engagement over time.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03951766; https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT03951766.

Keywords: acceptability; app usage; clinical trial; feasibility; happiness; mHealth; mobile health; nondaily smoking; positive affect; positive psychology; smartphone; smartphone app; smoking; smoking cessation.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

©Bettina B Hoepper, Kaitlyn R Siegel, Hannah A Carlon, Christopher W Kahler, Elyse R Park, Steven Trevor Taylor, Hazel V Simpson, Susanne S Hoeppner. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 28.07.2022.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Features of the Smiling instead of Smoking 2 app.
Figure 2
Figure 2
App usage over time. SiS2: Smiling Instead of Smoking, version 2.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Odds ratio of app usage predicting self-reported 30-day point prevalence abstinence. The odds ratio is based on a single-day increase in app usage of the indicated content (ie, "any content," "happiness content," "or smoking cessation content").

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