Gastrointestinal Contributions to the Postprandial Experience

Dan M Livovsky, Fernando Azpiroz, Dan M Livovsky, Fernando Azpiroz

Abstract

Food ingestion induces homeostatic sensations (satiety, fullness) with a hedonic dimension (satisfaction, changes in mood) that characterize the postprandial experience. Both types of sensation are secondary to intraluminal stimuli produced by the food itself, as well as to the activity of the digestive tract. Postprandial sensations also depend on the nutrient composition of the meal and on colonic fermentation of non-absorbed residues. Gastrointestinal function and the sensitivity of the digestive tract, i.e., perception of gut stimuli, are determined by inherent individual factors, e.g., sex, and can be modulated by different conditioning mechanisms. This narrative review examines the factors that determine perception of digestive stimuli and the postprandial experience.

Keywords: digestion; digestive well-being; food ingestion; functional gastrointestinal disorders; hedonic sensations; homeostatic sensations; postprandial symptoms; satiety.

Conflict of interest statement

No competing interests declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Gastrointestinal contributions to the ‘postprandial experience’. Meal-derived stimuli in the gut activate reflex pathways, that regulate digestive function (motility, barrier), homeostatic (satiety, fullness) and hedonic sensations (digestive well-being and mood). Sensations after ingestion are secondary to gut content and to the activity of the digestive tract. The responses to food ingestion are determined by intrinsic characteristics of the individual (constitutive factors) and are modulated by a variety of conditioning mechanisms (homeostatic, hedonic, cognitive/emotive factors).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cognitive conditioning of the postprandial experience. On 2 separate days, the same low-fat yogurt was given to patients with functional dyspepsia correctly presented as low-fat or mislabeled as high-fat; high-fat labeling was associated with significantly more of fullness sensation than the low-fat label. “Adapted by permission from BMJ Publishing Group Limited. [Role of cognitive factors in symptom induction following high and low fat meals in patients with functional dyspepsia, Feinle-Bisset C, Meier B, Fried M, Beglinger C. Gut. 52(10):1414–8. Copyright 2003 by Gut].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Sex differences in the conditioning by eating habits. Effect of the eating schedule on postprandial sensations in healthy male and women. In women, a consistent savory lunch-type meal eaten at an unconventional time in the morning produced more fullness, but less satisfaction than at the habitual time. Men were resilient to conditioning by eating schedule. “Modified from [Influence of Eating Schedule on the Postprandial Response: Gender Differences, Masihy M, Monrroy H, Borghi G, Pribic T, Galan C, Nieto A, et al., Nutrients. 14;11, Copyright © 2021 by the authors Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)”.

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