Entropy Measures Can Add Novel Information to Reveal How Runners' Heart Rate and Speed Are Regulated by Different Environments

Juliana Exel, Nuno Mateus, Bruno Gonçalves, Catarina Abrantes, Julio Calleja-González, Jaime Sampaio, Juliana Exel, Nuno Mateus, Bruno Gonçalves, Catarina Abrantes, Julio Calleja-González, Jaime Sampaio

Abstract

Ecological psychology suggests performer-environment relationship is the appropriate scale for examining the relationship between perception, action and cognition. Developing performance requires variation in practice in order to design the attractor-fluctuation landscape. The present study aimed to identify the effects of varying levels of familiarity and sensorimotor stimuli within the environment in runners' speed and heart rate (HR) regularity degree, and short-term memory Twelve amateur runners accomplished three 45-min running trials in their usual route, in an unusual route, and an athletics 400-m track, wearing a GPS and an HR monitor. Sample entropy (SampEn) and complexity index (CI), over speed and HR, were calculated. Pre and post-trial, participants performed the Backward Digit Span task for cognitive assessment. Higher entropies were found for the 400-m track, compared to the usual and unusual routes. Usual routes increased speed SampEn (63% of chances), but decreased HR CI when compared to unusual routes (60% of chances). Runners showed higher overall short-term memory performance after unusual routes, when compared to usual routes (85% of chances), indicating positive relation to attentional control. The contexts of practice may contribute to change predictability from single to multiple timescales. Thus, by considering that time structuring issues can help diagnosing habituation of training routes, this study brings novel information to the long-term process of training.

Keywords: dynamical systems; entropies; heart rate; running; speed; training.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Representative case of the physiological factors in the multiscale entropy dynamics associated to training routes with different degrees of familiarity and sensory-motor stimuli, and its effects on life health span in adults. The usual route would be the most practiced or the standard trail/road route covered in individuals regular training sessions. The unusual route was chosen as the trail/road route which had never been part of training routine before the study assessments. The 400-m track was chosen to represent the sensory-motor stimuli of a flat, repetitive, thus, monotonous environment of practice.

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