The rate of decline in small fibre function assessed using axon reflex-mediated neurogenic vasodilatation and the importance of age related centile values to improve the detection of clinical neuropathy

Abstract

Background: The LDIflare technique (LDIflare) is a simple non-invasive test of small fibre function in dorsal foot skin involving skin heating and measuring the size of the resulting axon reflex-mediated vasodilator (flare) response using a laser Doppler imager (LDI). This study establishes age-related normative reference ranges for the test and determines the rate of decline in small fibre function per decade. Additionally, the potential value of using age related centiles rather than Receiver Operator Curves (ROC) was explored by comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of each analytic technique in identifying clinical neuropathy.

Methods: LDIflare areas were assessed in 94 healthy controls and 66 individuals with diabetes with (DN+, n = 31) and without clinical neuropathy (DN-, n = 35); neuropathy defined as a Neuropathy Disability Score ≥ 3. The age specific 5th centile values were used as the 'cut-offs' for the diagnosis of neuropathy from which sensitivity and specificity were calculated.

Results: There was a significant age dependant decrease in LDIflare size (r = -0.42, p<0.0001) with no significant gender differences. The LDIflare size reduced 0.56 cm(2) per decade which gives a percentage reduction of approximately 5.5% per decade. Using the normative 5th centiles as the cut-offs, the technique had a sensitivity of 77%, specificity of 90%, positive predictive value of 82% and negative predictive value of 87%.The ROC analysis gave a threshold of <3.66 cm(2) for the cut-off, resulting in a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 85%, positive predictive value of 74% and negative predictive value of 86%.

Conclusions: There is an age dependent decrease in small fibre function in the foot of 5.5% per decade. Both analytic techniques demonstrate good sensitivity and specificity for detecting clinical neuropathy but the technique based on age centiles offers better diagnostic accuracy and is therefore proposed as the method of choice.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1. Relationship of the LDIflare (cm2) to age (years), r = −0.42, P<0.0001.

The lines above and below the trendline describe the 95th and 5th centiles respectively.

Figure 2. LDIflare relationship between the 3 groups.

Green dots are the healthy controls (HC, flare area 9.2±2.9 cm2), amber dots are subjects with Diabetes but without clinical neuropathy (DN-, 6.9±2.79 cm2) and red dots the subjects with diabetes and clinical neuropathy (DN+, 2.7±0.9 cm2).