Effect of high intake of cod or salmon on serum total neopterin concentration: a randomised clinical trial

Anita Helland, Marianne Bratlie, Ingrid V Hagen, Øivind Midttun, Harald Sveier, Gunnar Mellgren, Per Magne Ueland, Oddrun A Gudbrandsen, Anita Helland, Marianne Bratlie, Ingrid V Hagen, Øivind Midttun, Harald Sveier, Gunnar Mellgren, Per Magne Ueland, Oddrun A Gudbrandsen

Abstract

Purpose: Primarily, to investigate the effect of high intake of cod (lean fish) or salmon (fatty fish) on serum concentration of total neopterin, a marker of cellular immune activation that is associated with cardiovascular disease. Second, to investigate effects of high cod/salmon intake on antioxidant vitamins and elements essential for activity of antioxidant enzymes.

Methods: In this randomised clinical trial, 63 participants with overweight/obesity consumed 750 g/week of either Atlantic cod (N = 22) or Atlantic salmon (N = 22) or were instructed to continue their normal eating habits but avoid fish intake (Control group, N = 19) for 8 weeks. Food intake was recorded, and fasting serum were collected at baseline and endpoint.

Results: Serum total neopterin concentration was reduced in the Cod group (median change - 2.65 (25th, 75th percentiles - 3.68, - 0.45) nmol/l, P = 0.018) but not in the Salmon group (median change 0.00 (25th, 75th percentiles - 4.15, 3.05) nmol/l, P = 0.59) when compared with the Control group after 8 weeks. The estimated daily intake of selenium, iron, magnesium and zinc were similar between all groups. Increased serum concentration of selenium was observed only after cod intake when compared to the Control group (P = 0.017). Changes in serum concentrations of copper, iron, magnesium, all-trans retinol, α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol were similar between the groups.

Conclusion: A high intake of cod, but not of salmon, lowered serum total neopterin concentration when compared to the Control group.

Clinical trial registration: This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02350595.

Keywords: Atlantic cod; Atlantic salmon; Fish intake; Immune activation; Neopterin.

Conflict of interest statement

H. S. is employed in Lerøy Seafood Group ASA. Lerøy Seafood Group ASA is the leading exporter of seafood from Norway and the world’s second largest producer of Atlantic Salmon. Lerøy Seafood Group ASA was not involved in on-site data collection. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

© 2021. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study overview of participants. Participants who did not comply with the study protocol were excluded from statistical analysis. Noncompliance was defined as not following the protocol in regard to fish intake (omitting more than three fish dinners in the fish eating groups), other dietary changes or use of prescription medicine not compatible with the inclusion criteria, or changes in physical activity
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Within-group changes in serum concentrations of total neopterin from baseline to 8 weeks. Results are presented for 22 participants in the Cod group, 22 participants in the Salmon group and 19 participants in the Control group and are presented as medians and 25th, 75th percentiles. Changes within the Cod group, Salmon group and Control group were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis post hoc test for group comparisons. P values for group comparisons were adjusted using the Bonferroni correction for multiple tests

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