Feasibility of implementation of CARD™ for school-based immunizations in Calgary, Alberta: a cluster trial
Anna Taddio, Joanne Coldham, Charlotte Logeman, C Meghan McMurtry, Cheri Little, Tracy Samborn, Lucie M Bucci, Noni E MacDonald, Vibhuti Shah, Cindy Dribnenki, Joanne Snider, Derek Stephens, Anna Taddio, Joanne Coldham, Charlotte Logeman, C Meghan McMurtry, Cheri Little, Tracy Samborn, Lucie M Bucci, Noni E MacDonald, Vibhuti Shah, Cindy Dribnenki, Joanne Snider, Derek Stephens
Abstract
Background: Negative experiences with school-based immunizations can contribute to vaccine hesitancy in youth and adulthood. We developed an evidence-based, multifaceted and customizable intervention to improve the immunization experience at school called the CARD™ (C-Comfort, A-Ask, R-Relax, D-Distract) system. We evaluated the feasibility of CARD™ implementation for school-based immunizations in Calgary, Canada.
Methods: In a mixed methods study, two Community Health Centres providing immunization services, including 5 schools each with grade 9 students (aged approximately 14 years), were randomized to CARD™ or control (usual care). In the CARD™ group, public health staff and students were educated about coping strategies prior to immunization clinics. Clinics were organized to reduce fear and to support student's choices for coping strategies. Public health staff in the CARD™ group participated in a focus group discussion afterwards. We sought a recruitment rate of 80% for eligible schools, an external stakeholder focus group (e.g., school staff) with 6 or more individuals, 85% of individual injection-related data acquisition (student and immunizer surveys), and 80% absolute agreement between raters for a subset of data that were double-coded. Across focus groups, we examined perceptions of acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility and fidelity of CARD™.
Results: Nine (90%) of eligible schools participated. Of 219 students immunized, injection-related student and immunizer data forms were acquired for 195 (89.0%) and 196 (89.5%), respectively. Reliability of data collection was high. Fifteen public health and 5 school staff participated in separate focus groups. Overall, attitudes towards CARD™ were positive and compliance with individual components of CARD™ was high. Public health staff expressed skepticism regarding the value of student participation in the CARD™ system. Suggestions were made regarding processes to refine implementation.
Conclusion: While most outcome criteria were satisfied and overall perceptions of implementation outcomes were positive, some important challenges and opportunities were identified. Feedback is being used to inform a large cluster trial that will evaluate the impact of CARD™ during school-based immunizations.
Trial registration: The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT03948633 ); Submitted April 24, 2019.
Keywords: Child; Feasibility study; Pain management; School immunization/vaccination; Vaccine hesitancy.
Conflict of interest statement
AT reports a Section 9 Trademark No. 924835 for CARD™. LB reports that Immunize Canada received grants from Pfizer Inc., Merck Canada, Sanofi Pasteur, Seqiris, and Glaxo-Smith-Kline unrelated to this work. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Source: PubMed