Dietary diversity cutoff values predicting anemia varied between mid and term of pregnancy: a prospective cohort study

Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Kaleab Baye, Mieke Faber, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Kaleab Baye, Mieke Faber

Abstract

Background: Correcting anemia during pregnancy often requires integrating food and non-food-based approaches. Nonetheless, little is known about specific dietary diversity (DD) cutoff values predicting risk of anemia during the different trimesters of pregnancy.

Objective: We aimed to determine the lowest possible DD cutoff values associated with risk of maternal anemia at mid and term of pregnancy in a rural resource limited setting of Ethiopia.

Design: A multi-center prospective cohort study was conducted enrolling 432 eligible pregnant women from eight rural health centers selected from four districts in Arsi zone, Central Ethiopia. Women were classified into exposed (n = 216) and unexposed (n = 216) groups, based on Women's Individual Dietary Diversity (WIDD) score, and were followed from mid to term of pregnancy. The cutoff values for WIDD corresponding to the lowest risk of anemia were defined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Logistic regressions were also fitted to identify food groups associated with low anemia risk during pregnancy.

Results: The overall prevalence of anemia increased from 28.6 to 32.4% between mid and term of pregnancy. Calculatedly, using the ROC curve analysis, the minimum WIDD score associated with lower risk of anemia was three and four respectively at these periods. Not consuming animal source foods [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 2.36; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.35-4.14], pre-existing anemia (AOR 28.56; 95% CI, 14.33, 56.79), and low DD during pregnancy (AOR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.09-4.52) were associated with risk of anemia at term.

Conclusion: The cutoff for WIDD score predicting risk of anemia varied significantly, increasing from three to four, between mid and term of pregnancy. Additional population-based observational and experimental studies validating the metrics are needed before policy level recommendations.

Trial registration: This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02620943.

Keywords: Cutoff; Dietary diversity; Metrics; Pregnancy.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Maternal dietary diversity during pregnancy and anemia status at term in rural Arsi, Central Ethiopia
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
ROC curve of WIDD score relative to maternal hemoglobin level during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. a Optimal cutoff WIDD score value at enrollment (second trimester of pregnancy) was 2.5 (area under curve = 0.699, p < 0.05). b Optimal cutoff WIDD score value at term (third trimester of pregnancy or term) was 3.5 (area under curve = 0.65, p < 0.05)

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