Does vitamin-D intake during resistance training improve the skeletal muscle hypertrophic and strength response in young and elderly men? - a randomized controlled trial

Jakob Agergaard, Jeanette Trøstrup, Jacob Uth, Jonas Vestergard Iversen, Anders Boesen, Jesper L Andersen, Peter Schjerling, Henning Langberg, Jakob Agergaard, Jeanette Trøstrup, Jacob Uth, Jonas Vestergard Iversen, Anders Boesen, Jesper L Andersen, Peter Schjerling, Henning Langberg

Abstract

Introduction: Recent studies have shown that vitamin-D intake can improve skeletal muscle function and strength in frail vitamin-D insufficient individuals. We investigated whether vitamin-D intake can improve the muscular response to resistance training in healthy young and elderly individuals, respectively.

Methods: Healthy untrained young (n = 20, age 20-30) and elderly (n = 20, age 60-75) men were randomized to 16 weeks of daily supplementary intake of either 48 μg of vitamin-D + 800 mg calcium (Vitamin-D-group) or 800 mg calcium (Placebo-group) during a period and at a latitude of low sunlight (December-April, 56°N). During the last 12 weeks of the supplementation the subjects underwent progressive resistance training of the quadriceps muscle. Muscle hypertrophy, measured as changes in cross sectional area (CSA), and isometric strength of the quadriceps were determined. Muscle biopsies were analyzed for fiber type morphology changes and mRNA expression of vitamin-D receptor (VDR), cytochrome p450 27B1 (CYP27B1) and Myostatin.

Results: In the vitamin-D groups, serum 25(OH)D concentration increased significantly and at week 12 was significantly different from placebo in both young men (71.6 vs. 50.4 nmol/L, respectively) and elderly men (111.2 vs. 66.7 nmol/L, respectively). After 12 weeks of resistance training, quadriceps CSA and isometric strength increased compared to baseline in young (CSA p < 0.0001, strength p = 0.005) and elderly (CSA p = 0.001, strength p < 0.0001) with no difference between vitamin-D and placebo groups. Vitamin-D intake and resistance training increased strength/CSA in elderly compared to young (p = 0.008). In the young vitamin-D group, the change in fiber type IIa percentage was greater after 12 weeks training (p = 0.030) and Myostatin mRNA expression lower compared to the placebo group (p = 0.006). Neither resistance training nor vitamin-D intake changed VDR mRNA expression.

Conclusion: No additive effect of vitamin-D intake during 12 weeks of resistance training could be detected on either whole muscle hypertrophy or muscle strength, but improved muscle quality in elderly and fiber type morphology in young were observed, indicating an effect of vitamin-D on skeletal muscle remodeling.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials with nr. NCT01252381.

Keywords: Fiber type; Resistance exercise; Skeletal muscle; Vitamin-D; Vitamin-D receptor.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
GAPDH mRNA expression normalized to RPLP0. Shown as fold changes post 12 weeks training compared to pre training on logarithmic scale at 4 h (TR+4h) and 48 h (TR+48h) after the last exercise session. Results are shown as geometric mean ± back-transformed SEM. * different from pre training (p < 0.05)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Flowchart showing a young and b elderly subjects from first contact to end of study
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations ± SEM for young and elderly vitamin-D and placebo groups. Week 0 denote start of training period. # different from placebo (p < 0.05). $ different from week −4 (p < 0.05). () denote tendency (0.05 < p < 0.10)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
CSA, Isometric strength and strength/CSA of Quadriceps muscle. Change in a CSA, b isometric strength and c strength/CSA of quadriceps muscle for young and elderly vitamin-D and placebo groups, respectively. Data shown as mean percentage change from week 0 ± SEM. * different from week 0 (p < 0.05)
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Fiber type percentage and mean area a and b Fiber type (I, IIa and IIx) percentage and c and d fiber type (I and II) mean area for young and elderly vitamin-D and placebo groups, respectively. Shown as mean fiber type percentage ± SEM at pre training (week 0) and post training (week 12). * different from pre training (p < 0.05). $ different from Placebo group (p < 0.05)
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
VDR, CYP27B1 and Myostatin mRNA expression. mRNA expression for a VDR, b CYP27B1 and c Myostatin shown as fold changes post 12 weeks training compared to pre training on logarithmic scale at 4 h (TR+4h) and 48 h (TR+48h) after the last exercise session. Results are shown as geometric mean ± back-transformed SEM. * different from pre training (p < 0.05). $ different from placebo (p < 0.05)

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