Cardiovascular Risk in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

Claudio Tana, Stefano Ballestri, Fabrizio Ricci, Angelo Di Vincenzo, Andrea Ticinesi, Sabina Gallina, Maria Adele Giamberardino, Francesco Cipollone, Richard Sutton, Roberto Vettor, Artur Fedorowski, Tiziana Meschi, Claudio Tana, Stefano Ballestri, Fabrizio Ricci, Angelo Di Vincenzo, Andrea Ticinesi, Sabina Gallina, Maria Adele Giamberardino, Francesco Cipollone, Richard Sutton, Roberto Vettor, Artur Fedorowski, Tiziana Meschi

Abstract

New evidence suggests that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a strong multifaceted relationship with diabetes and metabolic syndrome, and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events, regardless of traditional risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Given the pandemic-level rise of NAFLD-in parallel with the increasing prevalence of obesity and other components of the metabolic syndrome-and its association with poor cardiovascular outcomes, the question of how to manage NAFLD properly, in order to reduce the burden of associated incident cardiovascular events, is both timely and highly relevant. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the association between NAFLD and cardiovascular disease, and also to discuss possible clinical strategies for cardiovascular risk assessment, as well as the spectrum of available therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD and its downstream events.

Keywords: cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular risk factors; metabolic syndrome; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A Spotlight on the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

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