Analysis of transmitted resistance to raltegravir and selective pressure among HIV-1-infected patients on a failing HAART in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Abstract

We studied the presence of primary resistance to raltegravir (RAL), natural polymorphisms, and selection pressure on HIV-1 integrase. We found a high frequency of integrase polymorphisms related to the resistance to RAL and sequence stability. Further studies are needed to determine the importance of these polymorphisms to RAL resistance.

Figures

Fig 1

Phylogenetic analysis of integrase sequences encompassing 288 amino acids. The tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method and MEGA version 4 software. Bootstrap analysis was performed with 1,000 replications. Filled circles represent the subtype B sequences, and filled squares represent the F1 subtype.

Fig 2

Amino acid alignment of integrase sequences showing main secondary mutations and polymorphisms. The header shows the HXB2 amino acid consensus obtained from the Los Alamos HIV sequence database. •, no amino acid exchange in relation to HXB2 consensus sequence AF033819.