Genetic Variations of Circulating Adiponectin Levels Modulate Changes in Appetite in Response to Weight-Loss Diets

Abstract

Context: Adiponectin plays key roles in regulating appetite and food intake.

Objective: To investigate interactions between the genetic risk score (GRS) for adiponectin levels and weight-loss diets varying in macronutrient intake on long-term changes in appetite and adiponectin levels.

Design, setting, and participants: A GRS was calculated based on 5 adiponectin-associated variants in 692 overweight adults from the 2-year Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies trial.

Main outcome measures: Repeated measurements of plasma adiponectin levels and appetite-related traits, including cravings, fullness, prospective consumption, and hunger.

Results: Dietary fat showed nominally significant interactions with the adiponectin GRS on changes in appetite score and prospective consumption from baseline to 6 months (P for interaction = 0.014 and 0.017, respectively) after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, baseline body mass index, and baseline respective outcome values. The GRS for lower adiponectin levels was associated with a greater decrease in appetite (P < 0.001) and prospective consumption (P = 0.008) among participants consuming a high-fat diet, whereas no significant associations were observed in the low-fat group. Additionally, a significant interaction was observed between the GRS and dietary fat on 6-month changes in adiponectin levels (P for interaction = 0.021). The lower GRS was associated with a greater increase in adiponectin in the low-fat group (P = 0.02), but it was not associated with adiponectin changes in the high-fat group (P = 0.31).

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that individuals with varying genetic architecture of circulating adiponectin may respond divergently in appetite and adiponectin levels to weight-loss diets varying in fat intake.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00072995.

Copyright © 2017 by the Endocrine Society

Figures

Figure 1.

Effects of GRS for higher circulating adiponectin levels and high-/low-fat diets on changes in appetite score (A), prospective consumption (B), and plasma adiponectin levels (C) at 6 months. Values are means ± standard error after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, baseline BMI, and baseline value of the respective outcome trait. For changes in appetite, high-fat group sample sizes were T1, n = 92; T2, n = 88; and T3, n = 107; and low-fat group sample sizes were T1, n = 110; T2, n = 81; and T3, n = 97. For changes in adiponectin levels, high-fat group sample sizes were T1, n = 85; T2, n = 81; and T3, n = 100; and low-fat group sample sizes were T1, n = 108; T2, n = 81; and T3, n = 102.

Figure 2.

Effects of ADIPOQ rs6810075 genotype and high-/low-fat diets on changes in appetite (A) and plasma adiponectin levels (B) at 6 months. Values are means ± standard error after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, baseline BMI, and baseline value of the respective outcome trait. For changes in appetite, high-fat group sample sizes were CC, n = 28; CT, n = 129; and TT, n = 130; and low-fat group sample sizes were CC, n = 35; CT, n = 121; and TT, n = 132. For changes in adiponectin levels, high-fat group sample sizes were CC, n = 28; CT, n = 115; and TT, n = 123; and low-fat group sample sizes were CC, n = 39; CT, n = 120; and TT, n = 132.

Figure 3.

Effects of the GRS for higher circulating adiponectin levels on the trajectory of changes in appetite score (A and D), prospective consumption (B and E), and plasma adiponectin levels (C and F) during 2 years in the high-fat/low-fat diet group. Values are means ± standard error after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, baseline BMI, and baseline value of the respective outcome trait. Linear mixed models (PROC MIXED) were used to test the genetic effect on the trajectory of changes in appetite and adiponectin levels, with P for interaction testing the interaction between GRS and intervention time. For changes in appetite, high-fat group sample sizes were 6 months: T1, n = 92; T2, n = 88; and T3, n = 107; and 2 years: T1, n = 72; T2, n = 69; and T3, n = 76; low-fat group sample sizes were 6 months: T1, n = 110; T2, n = 81; and T3, n = 97; and 2 years: T1, n = 87; T2, n = 62; and T3, n = 67. For changes in adiponectin levels, high-fat group sample sizes were 6 months: T1, n = 85; T2, n = 81; and T3, n = 100; and 2 years: T1, n = 70; T2, n = 73; and T3, n = 69; low-fat group sample sizes were 6 months: T1, n = 108; T2, n = 81; and T3, n = 102; and 2 years: T1, n = 97; T2, n = 75; and T3, n = 80.