Vaccaria segetalis: A Review of Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Findings

Meng Tian, Yuwen Huang, Xin Wang, Maosheng Cao, Zijiao Zhao, Tong Chen, Chenfeng Yuan, Nan Wang, Boqi Zhang, Chunjin Li, Xu Zhou, Meng Tian, Yuwen Huang, Xin Wang, Maosheng Cao, Zijiao Zhao, Tong Chen, Chenfeng Yuan, Nan Wang, Boqi Zhang, Chunjin Li, Xu Zhou

Abstract

Vaccaria segetalis is a dry mature seed of Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert, which belongs to the genus V. segetalis (Neck.) Garcke. There are multiple medicinal parts of V. segetalis, according to the records, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds, which should be used together. Currently, V. segetalis is most frequently used in the treatment of menstruation, dysmenorrhea, breast milk stoppages, and chylorrhea. Numerous studies present historical evidence of the use of V. segetalis to treat several diseases and describe its beneficial effects including prolactin- (PRL-) like, estrogen-like, antitumor, antiangiogenesis, and antioxidant activity. We summarized the period from January 1980 to December 2019 regarding V. segetalis. This review paper indicates that V. segetalis has promising clinical applications. The main active ingredients of the plant have been elucidated in recent years. We summarized the previously and newly discovered pharmacological effects of V. segetalis in addition to its active ingredients, ethnopharmacological uses, and toxicological properties, and provided a focus for future research.

Keywords: Vaccaria segetalis; anti-oxidant activation; anti-tumor activity; estrogen-like activity; prolactin activity.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Tian, Huang, Wang, Cao, Zhao, Chen, Yuan, Wang, Zhang, Li and Zhou.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structure of vaccarin.

References

    1. Aswad M., Rayan M., Abu-Lafi S., Falah M., Raiyn J., Abdallah Z., et al. . (2018). Nature is the best source of anti-inflammatory drugs: indexing natural products for their anti-inflammatory bioactivity. Inflamm. Res. 67, 67–75. 10.1007/s00011-017-1096-5
    1. Balsevich J. J., Ramirez-Erosa I., Hickie R. A., Dunlop D. M., Bishop G. G., Deibert L. K. (2012). Antiproliferative activity of Saponaria vaccaria constituents and related compounds. Fitoterapia 83, 170–181. 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.10.010
    1. Banno N., Akihisa T., Tokuda H., Yasukawa K., Taguchi Y., Akazawa H., et al. . (2005). Anti-inflammatory and antitumor-promoting effects of the triterpene acids from the leaves of Eriobotrya japonica. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28, 1995–1999. 10.1248/bpb.28.1995
    1. Baoming S., Anshan S. (2007). Effects of Chinese herbs on lactation of rat and performance of offspring. J. North. Agric. Univer. 14, 22–26. CNKISUNDBYN.0.2007-01-006
    1. Bernard P., Scior T., Didier B., Hibert M., Berthon J. Y. (2001). Ethnopharmacology and bioinformatic combination for leads discovery: application to phospholipase A(2) inhibitors. Phytochemistry 58, 865–874. 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00312-0
    1. Bladé J., Esteve J., Rosi?ol L., Perales M., Montoto S., Tuset M., et al. . (2001). Thalidomide in refractory and relapsing multiple myeloma. Semin. Oncol. 28, 588–592. 10.1016/S0093-7754(01)90029-6
    1. Bozak K. R., Yu H., Sirevg R., Christoffersen R. E. (1990). Sequence analysis of ripening-related cytochrome P-450 cDNAs from avocado fruit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 3904–3908. 10.1073/pnas.87.10.3904
    1. Bryant W. (2009). Environmental estrogens stimulate gene transcription in the prolactin promoter. Int. J. Biol. 2, 35–43. 10.5539/ijb.v2n1p35
    1. Bu X., Liu Y., Lu Q., Jin Z. (2015). Effects of “danzhi decoction” on chronic pelvic pain, hemodynamics, and proinflammatory factors in the murine model of sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2015:547251. 10.1155/2015/547251
    1. Cao R., Zhang S., Ma D., Hu L. (2015). A multi-center randomized phase II clinical study of bevacizumab plus irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFIRI) compared with FOLFIRI alone as second-line treatment for Chinese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Med. Oncol. 32:325. 10.1007/s12032-014-0325-9
    1. Carmeliet P., Jain R. K. (2000). Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 407, 249–257. 10.1038/35025220
    1. Chen H., Guo T., Wang D., Qin R. (2018). Vaccaria hypaphorine impairs RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by inhibition of ERK, p38, JNK and NF-κB pathway and prevents inflammatory bone loss in mice. Biomed. Pharmacother. 97, 1155–1163. 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.044
    1. Chen K. J. (2012). Blood stasis syndrome and its treatment with activating blood circulation to remove blood stasis therapy. Chin. J. Integrat. Med. 18, 891–896. 10.1007/s11655-012-1291-5
    1. Chen Y., Liu Q., Chen Y., Huang W., Jin B., Ding Z., et al. . (2017). Study on hypoglycemic effects of total flavonoid aglycon from leaves of Carya cathayensis. Chin. Arch. Tradit. Chin. Med. 35, 2033–2035. CNKISUNZYHS.0.2017-08-028
    1. Chen Y., Tian L., Wang X., Wang C. X. (2008). Drug particles of FUYANNING to chronic pelvic inflammatory disease model of the impact of rats' IL-2 IL-6. Chin. Arch. Tradit. Chin. Med.
    1. Choi D. W., Jung J. D., Ha Y. I., Park H. W., Dong S. I., Chung H. J., et al. . (2005). Analysis of transcripts in methyl jasmonate-treated ginseng hairy roots to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of ginsenosides and other secondary metabolites. Plant Cell Rep. 23, 557–566. 10.1007/s00299-004-0845-4
    1. Corbacho A. M., Martinez De La Escalera G., Clapp C. (2002). Roles of prolactin and related members of the prolactin/growth hormone/placental lactogen family in angiogenesis. J. Endocrinol. 173, 219–238. 10.1677/joe.0.1730219
    1. Dahiya R., Dahiya S. (2021). Natural cyclic polypeptides as vital phytochemical constituents from seeds of selected medicinal plants. Arch. Pharm. Chem. Life Sci. 354:e2000446. 10.1002/ardp.202000446
    1. Dahiya R., Kaur K. (2008). Synthesis and pharmacological investigation of segetalin C as a novel antifungal and cytotoxic agent. Arzneimittelforschung 58, 29–34. 10.1055/s-0031-1296463
    1. D'Amato R. J., Adamis A. P. (1995). Angiogenesis inhibition in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 102, 1261–1262. 10.1016/S0161-6420(95)30876-7
    1. Feng L., Zhang X., Hua H., Qiu L., Zhang L., Lv Z. (2012). Vaccaria segetalis extract can inhibit angiogenesis. Asian Biomed. 6, 683–692. 10.5372/1905-7415.0605.108
    1. Finzel B. C., Poulos T. L., Kraut J. (1984). Crystal structure of yeast cytochrome c peroxidase refined at 1.7-A resolution. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 13027–13036. 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)90651-4
    1. Firempong C. K., Zhang H. Y., Wang Y., Chen J., Cao X., Deng W., et al. . (2016). Segetoside I, a plant-derived bisdesmosidic saponin, induces apoptosis in human hepatoma cells in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Pharmacol. Res. 110, 101–110. 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.04.032
    1. Folkman J. (1971). Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N. Engl. J. Med. 285, 1182–1186. 10.1056/NEJM197111182852108
    1. Folkman J. (1995). Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat. Med. 1, 27–31. 10.1038/nm0195-27
    1. Gao X. J., Tong H. L., Li-Min L. U., Qing-Zhang L. I. (2010). Preparation of dibutyl phthalate isomer from Semen Vaccariae and its influence on milk production and milk quality of dairy cow. China Dairy Indust. 2010, 36–37. 10.3969/j.issn.1001-2230.2010.04.011
    1. Gao Y. Y., Feng L., Qiu L. Y. (2013). Research on acute toxicology of Vaccaria segetalis extract. Guangzhou Chem. Indust. 41, 17–21. 10.3969/j.issn.1001-9677.2013.19.003
    1. Gao Y. Y., Qiu L. Y., Kang X. X., Wang H., Jin J. (2010). “AntiTumor effect and its mechanism of vaccaria segetalis on mouse inoculated H22 solid carcinoma,” in International Conference on Bioinformatics & Biomedical Engineering WuXi. 10.1109/ICBBE.2010.5517710
    1. Gass S., Harris J., Ormandy C., Brisken C. (2003). Using gene expression arrays to elucidate transcriptional profiles underlying prolactin function. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 8, 269–285. 10.1023/B:JOMG.0000010029.85796.63
    1. Guan F. Q., Liu M., Yu S., Chen Y., Zhao Y. Y., Wang M., et al. . (2013). The antioxidant activity evaluations of the triterpene saponins from Lonicera macranthoides in vitro. Lishizh. Med. Mater. Med. Res. 24, 1315–1317. 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0805.2013.06.013
    1. Güçlü-Ustündag O., Mazza G. (2007). Saponins: properties, applications and processing. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 47, 231–258. 10.1080/10408390600698197
    1. Haralampidis K., Trojanowska M., Osbourn A. E. (2002). Biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in plants. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 75, 31–49. 10.1007/3-540-44604-4_2
    1. Hua'e J., Caiqin N., Jianmin H., Tuanxiao Z. (2007). Vasodilatation effects of the water decoction of vaccaria segetalis(neck)garcke on rabbit aorta in vitro. J. Sichu. Tradit. Chin. Med. 25, 13–15.
    1. Hui Y., Jun-Li H., Chuang W. (2019). Anti-oxidation and anti-aging activity of polysaccharide from Malus micromalus makino fruit wine. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 121, 1203–1212. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.096
    1. Itokawa H., Yun Y., Morita H., Takeya K., Yamada K. (1995). Estrogen-like activity of cyclic peptides from Vaccaria segetalis extracts. Planta Med. 61, 561–562. 10.1055/s-2006-959373
    1. Jia Z., Koike K., Kudo M., Li H., Nikaido T. (1998). Triterpenoid saponins and sapogenins from Vaccaria segetalis. Phytochemistry 48, 529–536. 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)01128-X
    1. Jing H., Of D., Medicine W., First T. (2007). Vasodilatation effects of the water decoction of Vaccaria segetalis(neck) garcke on rabbit aorta in vitro. J. Sichu. Tradit. Chin. Med. 25, 13–15. 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3649.2007.08.008
    1. Jin-Ling H. U., Hong H. U., Yang L. (2014). Studies on the chemical constituents from the seeds of Vaccaria segetalis. J. Pharmaceut. Res. 33, 71–72.
    1. Jun-Xian L. U., Gao Y. S., Tang M. J., Jun-Hua P. U., Zhang X. Y., Qing-Lian G. E. (2013). Effects of free gossypol on immunity of the HISEX young hens. China Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 40, 118–121. 10.3969/j.issn.1671-7236.2013.04.026
    1. Kabir E. R., Rahman M. S., Rahman I. (2015). A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impacts on human health. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 40, 241–258. 10.1016/j.etap.2015.06.009
    1. Kalu D. N. (1991). The ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal bone loss. Bone Miner. 15, 175–191. 10.1016/0169-6009(91)90124-I
    1. Kim Y., Koh J. H., Ahn Y. J., Oh S., Kim S. H. (2015). The Synergic anti-inflammatory impact of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. and Lactobacillus brevis KY21 on intestinal epithelial cells in a DSS-induced colitis model. Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resourc. 35, 604-610. 10.5851/kosfa.2015.35.5.604
    1. Kleinberg D. L., Ruan W. (2008). IGF-I, GH, and sex steroid effects in normal mammary gland development. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplas. 13, 353–360. 10.1007/s10911-008-9103-7
    1. Koike K., Jia Z., Nikaido T. (1998). Triterpenoid saponins from Vaccaria segetalis. Phytochemistry 47, 1343–1349. 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00707-3
    1. Kozlowska A., Szostak-Wegierek D. (2014). Flavonoids–food sources and health benefits. Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig. 65, 79–85.
    1. Leonoudakis D., Singh M., Mohajer R., Mohajer P., Fata J. E., Campbell K. P., et al. . (2010). Dystroglycan controls signaling of multiple hormones through modulation of STAT5 activity. J. Cell Sci. 123, 3683–3692. 10.1242/jcs.070680
    1. Lertkiatmongkol P., Liao D., Mei H., Hu Y., Newman P. J. (2016). Endothelial functions of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31). Curr. Opin. Hematol. 23, 253–259. 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000239
    1. Li F., He T., Xu Q., Lin L. T., Li H., Liu Y., et al. . (2015). What is the acupoint? A preliminary review of acupoints. Pain Med. 16, 1905–1915. 10.1111/pme.12761
    1. Li K. K., Zhou X., Wong H. L., Ng C. F., Fu W. M., Leung P. C., et al. . (2016). In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of Zao-Jiao-Ci (the spine of Gleditsia sinensis Lam.) aqueous extract and its mechanisms of action. J. Ethnopharmacol. 192, 192–200. 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.020
    1. Liang X., Xiu-jun J. (2013). Observation on the therapeutic effect of auricular point pressing bean on 30 cases of allergic rhinitis. J. N. Chin. Med. 45, 181–182. CNKISUNREND.0.2013-11-092
    1. Li-Fan, Liang J. Y. (2007). Research progress of Vaccaria segetalis. Strait Pharm. J. 19, 1–1.
    1. Liu J., Limin L., Xiaofei L., Qingzhang L. (2010). Effects on the proliferation and lactation ability of dairy cow mammary gland epithelial cells by semen vaccariae active isomer. Key Lab. Dairy Sci. Educ. 33, 66–68.
    1. Liu P. T., Stenger S., Li H., Wenzel L., Tan B. H., Krutzik S. R., et al. . (2006). Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 311, 1770–1773. 10.1126/science.1123933
    1. Liu Y. (2018). Auricular pressing therapy in the treatment of hypertension for 30 cases. Chin. Med. Mod. Dist. Educ. China. 16:127–128
    1. Liu Y., Song F. M., Ma S. T., Moro A., Feng W. Y. (2019). Vaccarin prevents titanium particle-induced osteolysis and inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by blocking NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways. J. Cell Physiol. 234, 13832–13842. 10.1002/jcp.28063
    1. Ma C. H., Fan M. S., Lin L. P., Tang W. D., Lou L. G., Ding J., et al. . (2008). Cytotoxic triterpenoid saponins from Vaccaria segetalis. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 10, 177–184. 10.1080/10286020701394381
    1. Mao G. H., Ren Y., Li Q., Wu H. Y., Jin D., Zhao T., et al. . (2016). Anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activity of selenium (Se)-polysaccharide from Se-enriched Grifola frondosa. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 82, 607–613. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.083
    1. Mao X., Guo H., Yao R., Bao L., Sun J., Bao Y., et al. . (2020). Crude polysaccharides from the seeds of Vaccaria segetalis prevent the urinary tract infection through the stimulation of kidney innate immunity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 260:112578. 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112578
    1. Mao X., Yao R., Guo H., Bao L., Bao Y., Xu Y., et al. . (2021). Polysaccharides extract from Vaccaria segetalis seeds inhibits kidney infection by regulating cathelicidin expression. J. Ethnopharmacol. 267:113505. 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113505
    1. Mark Shoemaker M., Hamilton B., Dairkee S. H., Cohen I., Campbell M. J. (2005). In vitro anticancer activity of twelve Chinese medicinal herbs. Phytother. Res. 19:649–51. 10.1002/ptr.1702
    1. Minliangzou Z., Ainalao S. (1999). Segetoside L, a new triterpenoid saponin from Vaccaria segetalis. ??????(???) 15, 55–57.
    1. Min-ying T. (2005). 59 cases of herpes zoster treated with Vaccaria segetalis. Chin. J. Rural Med. Pharm. 13, 51–51. CNKISUNXCYY.0.2006-06-053
    1. Morita H., Eda M., Iizuka T., Hirasawa Y., Sekiguchi M., Yun Y. S., et al. . (2006). Structure of a new cyclic nonapeptide, segetalin F, and vasorelaxant activity of segetalins from Vaccaria segetalis. Bioorgan. Med. Chem. Lett. 16, 4458–4461. 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.083
    1. Morita H., Nagashima S., Takeya K., Itokawa H. (1993). Astins A and B, antitumor cyclic pentapeptides from Aster tataricus. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 41, 992–993. 10.1248/cpb.41.992
    1. Morita H., Yun Y. S., Takeya K., Itokawa H. (1997a). Conformational preference for segetalins G and H, cyclic peptides with estrogen-like activity from seeds of Vaccaria segetalis. Bioorgan. Med. Chem. 5, 2063–2067. 10.1016/S0968-0896(97)00135-1
    1. Morita H., Yun Y. S., Takeya K., Itokawa H., Shiro M. (1995). Conformational analysis of a cyclic hexapeptide, segetalin A from Vaccaria segetalis.? Tetrahedron 51, 5987–6002. 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00277-F
    1. Morita H., Yun Y. S., Takeya K., Itokawa H., Shirota O. (1997b). Thionation of segetalins A and B, cyclic peptides with estrogen-like activity from seeds of Vaccaria segetalis. Bioorgan. Med. Chem. 5, 631–636. 10.1016/S0968-0896(97)00001-1
    1. Morita H., Yun Y. S., Takeya K., Itokawa H., Yamada K., Shirota O., et al. . (1997c). A new triterpenoid saponin with contractility of rat uterine from Vaccaria segetalis. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 7, 1095–1096. 10.1016/S0960-894X(97)00168-6
    1. Othman A. A., Abou Rayia D. M., Ashour D. S., Saied E. M., Zineldeen D. H., El-Ebiary A. A. (2016). Atorvastatin and metformin administration modulates experimental Trichinella spiralis infection. Parasitol. Int. 65, 105–112. 10.1016/j.parint.2015.11.001
    1. Pakoussi T., Mouzou A. P., Metowogo K., Aklikokou K. A., Gbeassor M. (2018). How do Spondias mombin L (Anacardiaceae) leaves extract increase uterine smooth muscle contractions to facilitate child birth in parturient women? Afr. Health Sci. 18, 235–243. 10.4314/ahs.v18i2.6
    1. Passaniti A., Taylor R. M., Pili R., Guo Y., Long P. V., Haney J. A., et al. . (1992). A simple, quantitative method for assessing angiogenesis and antiangiogenic agents using reconstituted basement membrane, heparin, and fibroblast growth factor. Lab Invest. 67, 519–528.
    1. Peng Q., Feng Z., Rui X., Zhixiong L., Mingcang C., Zhaolin S., et al. . (2014). Identification of multiple constituents from seed of Vaccaria segetalis with an adsorbent-separation strategy based on liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 28, 1243–1257. 10.1002/rcm.6893
    1. Planas-Silva M. D., Waltz P. K., Kilker R. L. (2006). Estrogen induces death of tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells: contrasting effect of the estrogen receptor downregulator fulvestrant. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 98, 193–198. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.10.003
    1. Qing L. I., Pan Z. L., Jie W. U., Zhang H. J. (2014). Study on extraction process and content determination of polysaccharides from Semen vaccaria. Sci. Technol. Food Indust. 35:299–299.
    1. Qiu Y., Du B., Xie F., Cai W., Liu Y., Li Y., et al. . (2016). Vaccarin attenuates high glucose-induced human EAâ? chy926 endothelial cell injury through inhibition of notch signaling. Mol. Med. Rep. 13, 2143–2150. 10.3892/mmr.2016.4801
    1. Rong P., Zhu B., Li Y., Gao X., Ben H., Li Y., et al. . (2011). Mechanism of acupuncture regulating visceral sensation and mobility. Front. Med. 5, 151–156. 10.1007/s11684-011-0129-7
    1. Rosalía R. R., María Dolores H., Perona J. S., Valentina R. G. (2004). Potential vasorelaxant effects of oleanolic acid and erythrodiol, two triterpenoids contained in 'orujo' olive oil, on rat aorta. Br. J. Nutr. 92, 635–642. 10.1079/BJN20041231
    1. Rostami A., Gamble H. R., Dupouy-Camet J., Khazan H., Bruschi F. (2017). Meat sources of infection for outbreaks of human trichinellosis. Food Microbiol. 64, 65–71. 10.1016/j.fm.2016.12.012
    1. Sang S., Lao A., Chen Z., Uzawa J., And Y. F. (2003). “Chemistry and bioactivity of the seeds of Vaccaria segetalis,” in ACS Symposium Series Shanghai. 10.1021/bk-2003-0859.ch021
    1. Sang S., Lao A., Wang H., Chen Z., Uzawa J., Fujimoto Y. (1999). Triterpenoid saponins from Vaccaria segetalis. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 1, 199–205. 10.1080/10286029908039865
    1. Sang S. M., Lao A., Leng Y., Gu Z., Chen Z., Uzawa J., et al. . (2000d). Segetoside F a new triterpenoid saponin with inhibition of luteal cell from the seeds of Vaccaria segetalis. Tetrahed. Lett. 41, 9205–9207. 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)01710-X
    1. Sang S. M., Lao A. N., Chen Z. L., Uzawa J., Fujimoto Y. (2000b). Three new triterpenoid saponins from the seeds of Vaccaria segetalis. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2, 187–193. 10.1080/10286020008039910
    1. Sang S. M., Lao A. N., Leng Y., Cao L., Chen Z. L., Uzawa J., et al. . (2002). A new triterpenoid saponin with inhibition of luteal cell from the seeds of Vaccaria segetalis. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 4, 297–301. 10.1080/1028602021000049096
    1. Sang S. M., Xia Z. H., Mao S. L., Lao A., Chen Z. L. (2000c). [Studies on the flavonol glycosides from the seeds of Vaccaria segetalis]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 25, 221–222.
    1. Sang S. M., Zou M. L., Lao A. N., Liang Z., Fujimoto Y. (2000a). A new triterpenoid saponin from the seeds of Vaccaria segetalis. ??????(???) 11, 49–52. 10.1021/cm990982a
    1. Schieber M., Chandel N. S. (2014). ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Curr. Biol. 24, R453–462. 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.034
    1. Shih C. C., Lin C. H., Lin W. L. (2009). Ameliorative effects of Vaccaria segetalis extract on osteopenia in ovariectomized rats. J. Nat. Med. 63, 386–392. 10.1007/s11418-009-0341-9
    1. Shiva Kumar A., Jeyaprakash K., Chellappan D. R., Murugan R. (2017). Vasorelaxant and cardiovascular properties of the essential oil of Pogostemon elsholtzioides. J. Ethnopharmacol. 199, 86–90. 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.036
    1. Silva B., Guedes J. M., Arêde A., Costa A. (2012). Synthesis and bioactivity of secondary metabolites from marine sponges containing dibrominated indolic systems. Cheminform 17:6083. 10.3390/molecules17056083
    1. Sun H., Cai W., Wang X., Liu Y., Hou B., Zhu X., et al. . (2017). Vaccaria hypaphorine alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation via inactivation of NFkappaB and ERK pathways in Raw 264.7 cells. BMC Complement. Alternat. Med. 17:120. 10.1186/s12906-017-1635-1
    1. Sun J., Paddock C., Shubert J., Zhang H. B., Amin K., Newman P. J., et al. . (2000). Contributions of the extracellular and cytoplasmic domains of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) in regulating cell-cell localization. J. Cell Sci. 113 (Pt. 8), 1459–1469. 10.1023/A:1005568132027
    1. Tan N. H., Zhou J. (2006). Plant cyclopeptides. Chem. Rev. 106, 840–895. 10.1021/cr040699h
    1. Tang X., Huang J., Xiong H., Zhang K., Chen C., Wei X., et al. . (2016). Anti-Tumor Effects of the polysaccharide isolated from tarphochlamys affinis in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 39, 1040–1050. 10.1159/000447811
    1. Tian-Yi L. (2011). Precious Mirror of Health. Shijiazhuang: China Medical Science Technology Press.
    1. Tímár J., Döme B., Fazekas K., Janovics A., Paku S. (2001). Angiogenesis-dependent diseases and angiogenesis therapy. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 7, 85–94. 10.1007/BF03032573
    1. Tong H., Gao X., Li Q., Liu J., Li N., Wan Z. (2011). Metabolic regulation of mammary gland epithelial cells of dairy cow by galactopoietic compound isolated from Vaccariae segetalis. Agric. Sci. China 10, 1106–1116. 10.1016/S1671-2927(11)60100-4
    1. Tong H., Gao X., Sheng Z., Li Q., Li S., Li N., et al. . (2013). Galactopoietic activity of dibutyl phthalate isolated from Vaccaria segetalis. J. Northeast Agric. Univ., 20, 28–33. 10.1016/S1006-8104(14)60043-X
    1. Tuffrey M., Alexander F., Woods C., Taylor-Robinson D. (1992). Genetic susceptibility to chlamydial salpingitis and subsequent infertility in mice. J. Reprod. Fertil. 95, 31–38. 10.1530/jrf.0.0950031
    1. Vandamme D., Landuyt B., Luyten W., Schoofs L. (2012). A comprehensive summary of LL-37, the factotum human cathelicidin peptide. Cell. Immunol. 280, 22–35. 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.009
    1. Viallard C., Larrivee B. (2017). Tumor angiogenesis and vascular normalization: alternative therapeutic targets. Angiogenesis 20, 409–426. 10.1007/s10456-017-9562-9
    1. Vitagliano D., De Falco V., Tamburrino A., Coluzzi S., Troncone G., Chiappetta G., et al. . (2010). The tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD6474 blocks proliferation of RET mutant medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 18, 1–11. 10.1677/ERC-09-0292
    1. Wang F., Chen S., Deng L., Chen L., Huang Y., Tian M., et al. . (2019). Protective effects of astragaloside IV against LPS-induced endometritis in mice through inhibiting activation of the NF-kappaB, p38 and JNK signaling pathways. Molecules 24:373. 10.3390/molecules24020373
    1. Wang L., Cui D., Wang X., Zhang J., Yang Z., Qin Z., et al. . (2015). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of hydroalcoholic extract isolated from Semen vaccariae. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 28(3 Suppl), 1043–1048
    1. Wang X., Dong H., Liu Y., Yang B., Wang X., Huang L. (2011). Application of high-speed counter-current chromatography for preparative separation of cyclic peptides from Vaccaria segetalis. J. Chromatogr. B 879, 811–814. 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.02.001
    1. Wei C. M., Su Y. J., Qin X., Ding J. X., Liu Q., Song F. M., et al. . (2018). Monocrotaline suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and prevents LPS-induced bone loss in vivo. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 48, 644–656. 10.1159/000491892
    1. Xie F., Cai W., Liu Y., Li Y., Du B., Feng L., et al. . (2015). Vaccarin attenuates the human EA.hy926 endothelial cell oxidative stress injury through inhibition of notch signaling. Int. J. Mol. Med. 35, 135–142. 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1977
    1. Xu F., Hou B., Zhu X., Liu Y., Shi X., Li S., et al. . (2019). Vaccaria n-butanol extract lower the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the infection risk of T. spiralis in vivo. Acta Parasitol. 64, 520–527. 10.2478/s11686-019-00064-6
    1. Yu Y., Yuan X., Li P., Wang Y., Yu M., Gao X. (2020). Vaccarin promotes proliferation of and milk synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells through the Prl receptor-PI3K signaling pathway. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 880:173190. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173190
    1. Yun Y. S., Morita H., Takeya K., Itokawa H. (1997). Cyclic peptides from higher plants. 34. Segetalins G and H, structures and estrogen-like activity of cyclic pentapeptides from Vaccaria segetalis. J. Nat. Prod. 60, 216–218. 10.1021/np960617n
    1. Yun Y. S., Shimizu K., Morita H., Takeya K., Itokawa H., Shirota O. (1998). Triterpenoid saponin from Vaccaria segetalis. Phytochemistry 47, 143–144. 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00496-2
    1. Zakaryan H., Arabyan E., Oo A., Zandi K. (2017). Flavonoids: promising natural compounds against viral infections. Arch. Virol. 162, 2539–2551. 10.1007/s00705-017-3417-y
    1. Zhang L. J., Zhu J. Y., Sun M. Y., Song Y. N., Rahman K., Peng C., et al. . (2017). Anti-inflammatory effect of Man-Pen-Fang, a Chinese herbal compound, on chronic pelvic inflammation in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 208, 57–65. 10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.034
    1. Zheng J., Ma L. T., Ren Q. Y., Li L., Zhang Y., Shi H. J., et al. . (2014). The influence of astragalus polysaccharide and beta-elemene on LX-2 cell growth, apoptosis and activation. BMC Gastroenterol. 14:224. 10.1186/s12876-014-0224-8
    1. Zheng T., Chen W., Hu H., Wang Y., Harnett J. E., Ung C. O. L. (2020). The prevalence, perceptions and behaviors associated with traditional/complementary medicine use by breastfeeding women living in Macau: a cross-sectional survey study. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 20:122. 10.1186/s12906-020-02921-8
    1. Zhi-hong Y., Cai-ying S. (1989). The effect of auricular plaster on gallbladder contraction. J. Gansu Coll. Trad. Chin. Med. 1, 31–32.
    1. Zhou G., Tang L., Wang T., Zhou X., Wang Z. (2015). Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Vaccaria hispanica (miller) rauschert: a review. Phytochem. Rev. 15, 813–827. 10.1007/s11101-015-9425-1
    1. Zhu-mo N. (2005). Materia Medica (Selected Chinese Ancient Books). Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer och medarbetare

Medicinska tillstånd

Läkemedelsinterventioner

3
Prenumerera