Negative pressure wound therapy for surgical wounds healing by primary closure

Gill Norman, En Lin Goh, Jo C Dumville, Chunhu Shi, Zhenmi Liu, Laura Chiverton, Monica Stankiewicz, Adam Reid, Gill Norman, En Lin Goh, Jo C Dumville, Chunhu Shi, Zhenmi Liu, Laura Chiverton, Monica Stankiewicz, Adam Reid

Abstract

Background: Indications for the use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) are broad and include prophylaxis for surgical site infections (SSIs). Existing evidence for the effectiveness of NPWT on postoperative wounds healing by primary closure remains uncertain.

Objectives: To assess the effects of NPWT for preventing SSI in wounds healing through primary closure, and to assess the cost-effectiveness of NPWT in wounds healing through primary closure.

Search methods: In June 2019, we searched the Cochrane Wounds Specialised Register; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); Ovid MEDLINE (including In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations); Ovid Embase and EBSCO CINAHL Plus. We also searched clinical trials registries and references of included studies, systematic reviews and health technology reports. There were no restrictions on language, publication date or study setting.

Selection criteria: We included trials if they allocated participants to treatment randomly and compared NPWT with any other type of wound dressing, or compared one type of NPWT with another type of NPWT.

Data collection and analysis: At least two review authors independently assessed trials using predetermined inclusion criteria. We carried out data extraction, assessment using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool, and quality assessment according to Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations methodology.

Main results: In this third update, we added 15 new randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and three new economic studies, resulting in a total of 44 RCTs (7447 included participants) and five economic studies. Studies evaluated NPWT in the context of a wide range of surgeries including orthopaedic, obstetric, vascular and general procedures. Economic studies assessed NPWT in orthopaedic, obstetric and general surgical settings. All studies compared NPWT with standard dressings. Most studies had unclear or high risk of bias for at least one key domain. Primary outcomes Four studies (2107 participants) reported mortality. There is low-certainty evidence (downgraded twice for imprecision) showing no clear difference in the risk of death after surgery for people treated with NPWT (2.3%) compared with standard dressings (2.7%) (risk ratio (RR) 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50 to 1.47; I2 = 0%). Thirty-nine studies reported SSI; 31 of these (6204 participants), were included in meta-analysis. There is moderate-certainty evidence (downgraded once for risk of bias) that NPWT probably results in fewer SSI (8.8% of participants) than treatment with standard dressings (13.0% of participants) after surgery; RR 0.66 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.80 ; I2 = 23%). Eighteen studies reported dehiscence; 14 of these (3809 participants) were included in meta-analysis. There is low-certainty evidence (downgraded once for risk of bias and once for imprecision) showing no clear difference in the risk of dehiscence after surgery for NPWT (5.3% of participants) compared with standard dressings (6.2% of participants) (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.13; I2 = 0%). Secondary outcomes There is low-certainty evidence showing no clear difference between NPWT and standard treatment for the outcomes of reoperation and incidence of seroma. For reoperation, the RR was 1.04 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.41; I2 = 13%; 12 trials; 3523 participants); for seroma, the RR was 0.72 (95% CI 0.50 to 1.05; I2 = 0%; seven trials; 729 participants). The effect of NPWT on occurrence of haematoma or skin blisters is uncertain (very low-certainty evidence); for haematoma, the RR was 0.67 (95% CI 0.28 to 1.59; I2 = 0%; nine trials; 1202 participants) and for blisters the RR was 2.64 (95% CI 0.65 to 10.68; I2 = 69%; seven trials; 796 participants). The overall effect of NPWT on pain is uncertain (very low-certainty evidence from seven trials (2218 participants) which reported disparate measures of pain); but moderate-certainty evidence suggests there is probably little difference between the groups in pain after three or six months following surgery for lower limb fracture (one trial, 1549 participants). There is also moderate-certainty evidence for women undergoing caesarean sections (one trial, 876 participants) and people having surgery for lower limb fractures (one trial, 1549 participants) that there is probably little difference in quality of life scores at 30 days or 3 or 6 months, respectively. Cost-effectiveness Five economic studies, based wholly or partially on trials included in our review, assessed the cost-effectiveness of NPWT compared with standard care. They considered NPWT in four indications: caesarean sections in obese women; surgery for lower limb fracture; knee/hip arthroplasty and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. They calculated quality-adjusted life-years for treatment groups and produced estimates of the treatments' relative cost-effectiveness. The reporting quality was good but the grade of the evidence varied from moderate to very low. There is moderate-certainty evidence that NPWT in surgery for lower limb fracture was not cost-effective at any threshold of willingness-to-pay and that NPWT is probably cost-effective in obese women undergoing caesarean section. Other studies found low or very low-certainty evidence indicating that NPWT may be cost-effective for the indications assessed.

Authors' conclusions: People experiencing primary wound closure of their surgical wound and treated prophylactically with NPWT following surgery probably experience fewer SSI than people treated with standard dressings (moderate-certainty evidence). There is no clear difference in number of deaths or wound dehiscence between people treated with NPWT and standard dressings (low-certainty evidence). There are also no clear differences in secondary outcomes where all evidence was low or very low-certainty. In caesarean section in obese women and surgery for lower limb fracture, there is probably little difference in quality of life scores (moderate-certainty evidence). Most evidence on pain is very low-certainty, but there is probably no difference in pain between NPWT and standard dressings after surgery for lower limb fracture (moderate-certainty evidence). Assessments of cost-effectiveness of NPWT produced differing results in different indications. There is a large number of ongoing studies, the results of which may change the findings of this review. Decisions about use of NPWT should take into account surgical indication and setting and consider evidence for all outcomes.

Conflict of interest statement

Gill Norman: my employment at the University of Manchester was funded by the National Institute for Health Research and focused on high‐priority Cochrane Reviews in the prevention and treatment of wounds. My work on this review was supported by the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre.

En Lin Goh: none known.

Jo Dumville: I received research funding from the NIHR for the production of systematic reviews focusing on high‐priority Cochrane reviews in the prevention and treatment of wounds. This research was co‐funded by the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and partly funded by the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (NIHR CLAHRC) Greater Manchester.

Chunhu Shi: none known.

Zhenmi Liu: my employment at the University of Manchester was supported by a grant from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR Systematic Review Fellowships).

Laura Chiverton: my work on this review was supported by the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre.

Monica Stankiewicz: none known.

Adam Reid: none known.

Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Negative pressure wound therapy versus standard dressing, outcome: 1.2 Surgical site infection.
5
5
Effect estimates for SSI: primary analysis and sensitivity analyses
1.1. Analysis
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Negative pressure wound therapy versus standard dressing, Outcome 1: Mortality
1.2. Analysis
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Negative pressure wound therapy versus standard dressing, Outcome 2: Surgical site infection
1.3. Analysis
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Negative pressure wound therapy versus standard dressing, Outcome 3: SSI grouped by contamination class
1.4. Analysis
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Negative pressure wound therapy versus standard dressing, Outcome 4: SSI (superficial)
1.5. Analysis
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Negative pressure wound therapy versus standard dressing, Outcome 5: SSI (deep)
1.6. Analysis
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Negative pressure wound therapy versus standard dressing, Outcome 6: Dehiscence
1.7. Analysis
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Negative pressure wound therapy versus standard dressing, Outcome 7: Reoperation
1.8. Analysis
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Negative pressure wound therapy versus standard dressing, Outcome 8: Readmission
1.9. Analysis
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Negative pressure wound therapy versus standard dressing, Outcome 9: Seroma
1.10. Analysis
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Negative pressure wound therapy versus standard dressing, Outcome 10: Haematoma
1.11. Analysis
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Negative pressure wound therapy versus standard dressing, Outcome 11: Skin blisters

References

References to studies included in this review Bobkiewicz 2018 {published data only}

    1. Bobkiewicz A, Francuzik W, Krokowicz L, Borejsza-Wysocki M, Walczak D, Szmeja J, et al. Effect of closed incision negative pressure wound therapy on incidence rate of surgical site infection after stoma reversal: a preliminary report. Colorectal Disease 2018;20(Supplement 4):56.
Chaboyer 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chaboyer W, Anderson V, Webster J, Sneddon A, Thalib L, Gillespie BM. Negative pressure wound therapy on surgical site infections in women undergoing elective caesarean sections: a pilot RCT. Healthcare 2014;30(2):417-28.
Crist 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Crist BD, Khazzam M, Della Rocca GJ, Murtha Y, Stannard JP. Role of acute negative pressure wound therapy over primarily closed surgical incisions in hip, pelvis, and acetabular fracture surgery - a prospective randomized trial. In: Pelvis & Acetabulum (Orthopaedic Trauma Association Annual Meeting). 2014:Paper 65; p 270.
Crist 2017 {published data only}
    1. Crist BD, Oladeji LO, Khazzam M, Della Rocca GJ, Murtha YM, Stannard JP. Role of acute negative pressure wound therapy over primarily closed surgical incisions in acetabular fracture ORIF: a prospective randomized trial. Injury 2017;48(7):1518-21.
DiMuzio 2017 {published data only}
    1. DiMuzio P, Staley C, Reiter D, McCullough M, Goss S, Arosemena M, et al. A randomized study evaluating negative-pressure therapy to decrease vascular groin wound complications. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2017;65(6S):133S.
Engelhardt 2016 {published data only}
    1. Engelhardt M, Rashad NA, Willy C, Müller C, Bauer C, Debus S, et al. Closed-incision negative pressure therapy to reduce groin wound infections in vascular surgery: a randomised controlled trial. International Wound Journal 2018;15(3):327-32. [DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12848]
    1. Engelhardt M, Willy C, Beck T. Negative pressure wound dressing for reduction of surgical site infections in the groin in vascular surgery. In: European Society of Vascular Medicine Conference, May 2016. Rome, 2016:10.
Galiano 2018 {published data only}
    1. Galiano RD, Hudson D, Shin J, Van der Hulst R, Tanaydin V, Djohan R, et al. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy for prevention of wound healing complications following reduction mammaplasty. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open 2018;6(1):e1560.
    1. Galiano RD, Hudson D, Shin J, Van der Hulst R, Tanaydin V, Djohan R, et al. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy for prevention of wound healing complications following reduction mammaplasty: erratum. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open 2018;23(6 (2)):e1720.
Giannini 2018 {published data only}
    1. Giannini S, Mazzotti A, Luciani D, Lullini G, Tedesco G, Andreoli I, et al. Postoperative wound management with negative pressure wound therapy in knee and hip surgery: a randomised control trial. Journal of Wound Care 2018;27(8):520-5.
Gillespie 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gillespie BM, Rickard CM, Thalib L, Kang E, Finigan T, Homer A, et al. Use of negative-pressure wound dressings to prevent surgical site complications after primary hip arthroplasty: a pilot RCT. Surgical Innovation 2015;22(5):488-95.
Gombert 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gombert A, Babilon M, Barbati ME, Keszei A, Von Trotha KT, Jalaie H, et al. Closed incision negative pressure therapy reduces surgical site infections in vascular surgery: a prospective randomised trial (AIMS trial). European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2018;56(3):442-8.
    1. Gombert A, Babilon M, Langer S, Greiner A, Kalder J, Jalaie H, et al. Incision management systems for reduction of inguinal wound complications in vascular surgery [Inzisions-Management-Systeme zur Reduktion von inguinalen Wundheilungsstörungen in der Gefäßchirurgie]. Gefasschirurgie 2017;22(8):542-7.
Gunatilake 2017 {published data only}
    1. Gunatilake RP, Swamy GK, Brancazio LR, Smrtka MP, Thompson JL, Gilner JB, et al. Closed-incision negative-pressure therapy in obese patients undergoing cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Perinatology Reports 2017;7(3):e151-7.
Heard 2017 {published data only}
    1. Heard C, Chaboyer W, Anderson V, Gillespie BM, Whitty JA. Cost-effectiveness analysis alongside a pilot study of prophylactic negative pressure wound therapy. Journal of Tissue Viability 2017;26(4):79-84.
    1. Tuffaha HW, Gillespie BM, Chaboyer W, Gordon LG, Scuffham PA. Cost-utility analysis of negative pressure wound therapy in high-risk cesarean section wounds. Journal of Surgical Research 2015;195(2):612-22.
Howell 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Howell RD, Hadley S, Strauss E, Pelham FR. Blister formation with negative pressure dressings after total knee arthroplasty. Current Orthopaedic Practice 2011;22(2):176-9.
Hussamy 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hussamy DJ, Wortman AC, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ, Casey BM, Roberts SW. A randomized trial of closed incision negative pressure therapy in morbidly obese women undergoing cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018;218(1):S35.
Hyldig 2019a {published data only}
    1. Hyldig N, Joergensen JS, Wu C, Bille C, Vinter CA, Sorensen JA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of incisional negative pressure wound therapy compared with standard care after caesarean section in obese women: a trial-based economic evaluation. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2019;126(5):619-27.
    1. Hyldig N, Vinter CA, Kruse M, Lamont RF, Sørensen JA, Mogensen O. Prevention of surgical wound infection in obese women undergoing cesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. In: . 2016.
    1. Hyldig N. Incisional Negative Pressure Wound Therapy: The Clinical Effect on Post-Caesarean Wound Complications in Obese Women [PhD Thesis]. 1 edition. Odense (Denmark): University Press of Southern Denmark: University of Southern Denmark, 2016.
    1. Jørgensen JS, Hyldig N. The happy belly study. Prevention of postoperative surgical site infection following caesarean section in women with BMI ≥ 30. (accessed prior to 1 April 2020).
Hyldig 2019b {published data only}
    1. Hyldig N, Vinter CA, Kruse M, Mogensen O, Bille C, Sorensen JA, et al. Prophylactic incisional negative pressure wound therapy reduces the risk of surgical site infection after caesarean section in obese women: a pragmatic randomised clinical trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2019;126(5):628-35.
Javed 2018 {published data only}
    1. Javed AA, Teinor J, Wright M, Ding D, Burkhart RA, Hundt J, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy for surgical-site infections: a randomized trial. Annals of Surgery 2018;10:10.
Karlakki 2016 {published data only}
    1. Karlakki SL, Hamad AK, Whittall C, Graham NM, Banerjee RD, Kuiper JH. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy dressings (iNPWTd) in routine primary hip and knee arthroplasties: a randomised controlled trial. Bone & Joint Research 2016;5(8):328-37.
Keeney 2019 {published data only}
    1. Keeney JA, Cook JL, Clawson SW, Aggarwal A, Stannard JP. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy devices improve short-term wound complications, but not long-term infection rate following hip and knee arthroplasty. Journal of Arthroplasty 2019;34:723-8.
Kuncewitch 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kuncewitch M, Blackham A, Clark CJ, Dodson RM, Russel G, Levine E, et al. Effect of negative pressure wound therapy on wound complications following pancreatectomy. Gastroenterology 2017;152(5 Suppl 1):S1273.
    1. Kuncewitch MP, Blackham AU, Clark CJ, Dodson RM, Russell GB, Levine EA, et al. Effect of negative pressure wound therapy on wound complications post-pancreatectomy. American Surgeon 2019;85(1):1-7.
Kwon 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kwon J, Staley C, McCullough M, Goss S, Arosemena M, Abai B, et al. A randomized clinical trial evaluating negative pressure therapy to decrease vascular groin incision complications. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2018;68(6):1744-52.
Lee 2017a {published data only}
    1. Lee AJ, Sheppard CE, Kent WD, Mewhort H, Sikdar KC, Fedak PW. Safety and efficacy of prophylactic negative pressure wound therapy following open saphenous vein harvest in cardiac surgery: a feasibility study. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery 2017;24(3):324-8.
Lee 2017b {published data only}
    1. Lee K, Murphy PB, Ingves MV, Duncan A, DeRose G, Dubois L, et al. Randomized clinical trial of negative pressure wound therapy for high-risk groin wounds in lower extremity revascularization. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2017;66(6):1814-9.
    1. Murphy P, Lee K, Dubois L, DeRose G, Forbes T, Power A. Negative pressure wound therapy for high-risk wounds in lower extremity revascularization: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;6(1):504.
Leon 2016 {published data only}
    1. Leon M, Barragan C, Garcia Perez JC, Guedea M, Sanz G, Gonzalez C. Negative pressure therapy to reduce SSI in open colorectal surgery: prospective, randomised and multicenter study. Colorectal Disease 2016;18(Suppl 1):7.
Lozano‐Balderas 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lozano-Balderas G, Ruiz-Velasco-Santacruz A, Díaz-Elizondo JA, Gómez-Navarro JA, Flores-Villalba E. Surgical site infection rate drops to 0% using a vacuum-assisted closure in contaminated/dirty infected laparotomy wounds. American Surgeon 2017;83(5):512-4.
Manoharan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Manoharan V, Grant AL, Harris AC, Hazratwala K, Wilkinson MP, McEwen PJ. Closed incision negative pressure wound therapy vs conventional dry dressings after primary knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled study. Journal of Arthroplasty 2016;31(11):2487-94.
Martin 2019 {published data only}
    1. Martin RCG, O'Neill CH. Negative-pressure therapy for hepatectomy and pancreatectomy: a randomized trial for surgical site infection prevention. Hepato Pancreato Biliary Journal 2019;21(Supplement 1):S26-7.
Masden 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Masden D, Goldstein J, Endara M, Xu K, Steinberg J, Attinger C. Negative pressure wound therapy for at-risk surgical closures in patients with multiple comorbidities: a prospective randomized controlled study. Annals of Surgery 2012;255(6):1043-7.
Murphy 2019 {published data only}
    1. Chadi SA, Vogt K, Knowles S, Murphy PB, Van Koughnett JA, Brackstone M. Negative pressure wound therapy use to decrease surgical nosocomial events in colorectal resections (NEPTUNE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16(1):322.
    1. Murphy PB, Knowles S, Chadi SA, Vogt K, Brackstone M, Koughnett JAV, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy use to decrease surgical nosocomial events in colorectal resections (NEPTUNE): a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Surgery 2019;270(1):38-42.
Newman 2019 {published data only}
    1. Newman JM, Siqueira MBP, Klika AK, Molloy RM, Barsoum WK, Higuera CA. Use of closed incisional negative pressure wound therapy after revision total hip and knee arthroplasty in patients at high risk for infection: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Journal of Arthroplasty 2019;34(3):554-9.
Nherera 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nherera LM, Trueman P, Karlakki SL. Cost-effectiveness analysis of single-use negative pressure wound therapy dressings (sNPWT) to reduce surgical site complications (SSC) in routine primary hip and knee replacements. Wound Repair and Regeneration 2017;25(3):474-82.
Nherera 2018 {published data only}
    1. Nherera LM, Trueman P, Schmoeckel M, Fatoye FA. Cost-effectiveness analysis of single use negative pressure wound therapy dressings (sNPWT) compared to standard of care in reducing surgical site complications (SSC) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 2018;13(1):103.
Nordmeyer 2016 {published data only}
    1. Nordmeyer M, Pauser J, Biber R, Jantsch J, Lehrl S, Kopschina C, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy for seroma prevention and surgical incision treatment in spinal fracture care. International Wound Journal 2016;13(6):1176-9.
O'Leary 2017 {published data only}
    1. Carter MR, Burton M, Anglim B, Concannon E, Pierce C, Coffee SN, et al. A randomised controlled trial of negative pressure wound therapy at primary closure of midline laparotomy wounds. Irish Journal of Medical Science 2016;185:S111.
    1. O'Leary DP, Peirce C, Anglim B, Carter M, Hickey K, Coffey JC. Prophylactic negative pressure dressing use in closed laparotomy wounds following abdominal operations: a randomized, controlled, open-label trial: the P.I.C.O. trial. Annals of Surgery 2017;265(6):1082-6.
Pachowsky 2012 {published data only}
    1. Pachowsky M, Gusinde J, Klein A, Lehrl S, Schulz-Drost S, Schlechtweg P, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy to prevent seromas and treat surgical incisions after total hip arthroplasty. International Orthopaedics 2012;36(4):719-22.
Pauser 2016 {published data only}
    1. Pauser J, Nordmeyer M, Biber R, Jantsch J, Kopschina C, Bail HJ. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy after hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fractures - reduction of wound complications. International Wound Journal 2016;13(5):663-7.
Pleger 2018 {published data only}
    1. Pleger SP, Nink N, Elzien M, Kunold A, Koshty A, Böning A. Reduction of groin wound complications in vascular surgery patients using closed incision negative pressure therapy (ciNPT): a prospective, randomised, single-institution study. International Wound Journal 2018;15(1):75-83.
Ruhstaller 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ruhstaller K, Downes K, Chandrasekaren S, Elovitz MA, Srinivas S, Durnwald C. PROphylactic wound VACuum therapy after cesarean section to prevent wound complications in the obese population: a randomised controlled trial (the PROVAC study). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017;216(1 Suppl 1):S34.
Sabat 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sabat J, Tyagi S, Srouji A, Pechman D, Gupta AM, Lucido D, et al. Prophylactic negative pressure therapy for femoral incision in vascular surgery: preliminary results of a prospective randomised trial. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2016;63:94S.
Schmid 2018 {published data only}
    1. Schmid S, Seitz A, Haller B, Fritsche H, Huber T, Burger M, et al. Results of the first interim analysis of the PräVAC trial: prevention of wound complications following inguinal lymph node dissection in patients with penile cancer using epidermal vacuum-assisted wound closure. European Urology 2018;17(2 suppl):e51.
Shen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Shen P, Blackham AU, Lewis S, Clark CJ, Howerton R, Mogal HD, et al. Phase II randomized trial of negative-pressure wound therapy to decrease surgical site infection in patients undergoing laparotomy for gastrointestinal, pancreatic, and peritoneal surface malignancies. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2017;224(4):726-37.
Shim 2018 {published data only}
    1. Shim HS, Choi JS, Kim SW. A role for postoperative negative pressure wound therapy in multitissue hand injuries. Biomed Research International 2018;2018(4):1-7.
Stannard 2012 {published data only}
    1. Stannard JP, Volgas DA, McGwin G 3rd, Stewart RL, Obremskey W, Moore T, et al. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy after high-risk lower extremity fractures. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 2012;26(1):37-42.
Tanaydin 2018 {published data only}
    1. Tanaydin V, Beugels J, Andriessen A, Sawor JH, Van der Hulst RR. Randomized controlled study comparing disposable negative-pressure wound therapy with standard care in bilateral breast reduction mammoplasty evaluating surgical site complications and scar quality. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2018;42(4):927-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00266-018-1095-0]
    1. Tanaydin V, Beugels J, Andriessen A, Sawor JH, Van der Hulst RRWJ. Randomized controlled study comparing disposable negative-pressure wound therapy with standard care in bilateral breast reduction mammoplasty evaluating surgical site complications and scar quality. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2018;42(4):Erratum in: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2018; 42 (4):1176.
Tuuli 2017 {published data only}
    1. Tuuli MG, Martin S, Stout MJ, Steiner HL, Harper LM, Longo S, et al. Pilot randomized trial of prophylactic negative pressure wound therapy in obese women after cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017;216(1 Suppl 1):S245.
WHIST 2019a {published data only}
    1. Achten J, Vadher K, Bruce J, Nanchahal J, Spoors L, Masters JP, et al. Standard wound management versus negative-pressure wound therapy in the treatment of adult patients having surgical incisions for major trauma to the lower limb - a two-arm parallel group superiority randomised controlled trial: protocol for wound healing in surgery for trauma (WHIST). BMJ Open 2018;8(6):e022115.
    1. Costa ML, Achten J, Knight R, Bruce J, Dutton SJ, Madan J et al. Effect of incisional negative pressure wound therapy vs standard wound dressing on deep surgical site infection after surgery for lower limb fractures associated with major trauma. The WHIST randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2020;323(6):519-26.
    1. Costa ML, Achten J, Knight R, Png ME, Bruce J, Dutton S, et al. Standard wound management versus negative pressure wound therapy following surgical treatment of major trauma to the lower limb: the WHiST randomised controlled trial. HTA Monograph (in press).
    1. Knight R, Spoors LM, Costa ML, Dutton SJ. Wound healing in surgery for trauma (WHIST): statistical analysis plan for a randomised controlled trial comparing standard wound management with negative pressure wound therapy. Trials 2019;20(1):186.
WHIST 2019b {published data only}
    1. Costa ML, Achten J, Knight R, Png ME, Bruce J, Dutton S, et al. Standard wound management versus negative pressure wound therapy following surgical treatment of major trauma to the lower limb: the WHiST randomised controlled trial. HTA Monograph (in press).
Wihbey 2018 {published data only}
    1. Wihbey KA, Joyce EM, Spalding ZT, Jones HJ, MacKenzie TA, Evans RH, et al. Prophylactic negative pressure wound therapy and wound complication after cesarean delivery in women with class II or III obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018;132(2):377-84.
Witt‐Majchrzac 2015 {published data only}
    1. Witt-Majchrzac A, Żelazny P, Snarska J. Preliminary outcome of treatment of postoperative primarily closed sternotomy wounds treated using negative pressure wound therapy. Polski Przeglad Chirurgiczny 2015;86(10):456-65.
References to studies excluded from this review Albert 2012 {published data only}
    1. Albert NM, Rock R, Sammon MA, Bena JF, Morrison SL, Whitman A, et al. Do patient and nurse outcome differences exist between 2 negative pressure wound therapy systems? Journal of Wound Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2012;39:259-66.
Al‐Inany 2002 {published data only}
    1. Al-Inany H, Youssef G, ElMaguid AA, Abdel Hamid M, Naguib A. Value of subcutaneous drainage system in obese females undergoing cesarean section using Pfannenstiel incision. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2002;53(2):75-8.
Anderson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Anderson V, Chaboyer W, Gillespie B, Fenwick J. The use of negative pressure wound therapy dressing in obese women undergoing caesarean section: a pilot study. Evidence-Based Midwifery 2014;12:23-8.
Athanasiou 2018 {published data only}
    1. Athanasiou AN, Spartalis M, Spartalis E. Prophylactic negative pressure dressing use in closed laparotomy wounds after abdominal operations. Annals of Surgery 2018;268(1):e19-20.
Banasiewicz 2013 {published data only}
    1. Banasiewicz T, Bobkiewicz A, Borejsza-Wysocki M. Portable VAC therapy improve the results of the treatment of the pilonidal sinus - randomized prospective study. Polski Przeglad Chirurgiczny 2013;85:371-6.
Bi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bi XQ, Li Y, Xiao L. Application of modified negative-pressure drainage nursing in neck dissection patients: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2017;46:116.
Bondokji 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bondokji S, Rangaswamy M, Reuter C, Farajalla Y, Mole T, Cockwill J, et al. Clinical efficacy of a new variant of a foam-based NWPT system. Journal of Wound Care 2011;20:64-7.
Braakenburg 2006 {published data only}
    1. Braakenburg A, Obdeijn MC, Feitz R, Van Rooij IA, Van Griethuysen AJ, Klinkenbijl JH. The clinical efficacy and cost effectiveness of the vacuum-assisted closure technique in the management of acute and chronic wounds: a randomized controlled trial. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2006;118:390-7.
Chang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Chang EI. Discussion: comparison between negative-pressure fixation and film dressing in wound management after tissue expansion: a randomized controlled trial. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2018;142(1):42-3.
Chiang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chiang N, Rodda OA, Sleigh J, Vasudevan T. Effects of topical negative pressure therapy on tissue oxygenation and wound healing in vascular foot wounds. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2017;66(2):564-71.
Chio 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Chio EG, Agrawal A. A randomized, prospective, controlled study of forearm donor site healing when using a vacuum dressing. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2010;142(2):174-8.
Costa 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bruce J, Verdun A, Davis S, Achten J, Parsons N, Hennings S, et al. Using photographic images to aid wound assessment within a randomised controlled trial of standard wound management versus negative pressure wound therapy: UK WOLLF trial. Trials 2017;18(Supplement 1):P283 (page 107).
    1. Cook R, Thomas V, Martin R. Negative pressure dressings are no better than standard dressings for open fractures. BMJ Open 2019;364:k4411.
    1. Costa ML, Achten J, Bruce J, Davis S, Hennings S, Willett K, et al. Negative-pressure wound therapy versus standard dressings for adults with an open lower limb fracture: the WOLLF RCT. Health Technology Assessment 2018;22(73):1-162.
    1. Costa ML, Achten J, Bruce J, Totton E, Petrou S, Lamb SE, et al. Effect of negative pressure wound therapy vs standard wound management on 12-month disability among adults with severe open fracture of the lower limb: the WOLLF randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2018;319(22):2280-8.
Dorafshar 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Dorafshar AH, Franczyk M, Gottlieb LJ, Wroblewski KE, Lohman RF. A prospective randomized trial comparing subatmospheric wound therapy with a sealed gauze dressing and the standard vacuum-assisted closure device. Annals of Plastic Surgery 2011;69(1):79-84.
Eisenhardt 2012 {published data only}
    1. Eisenhardt SU, Schmidt Y, Thiele JR, Iblher N, Penna V, Torio-Padron N, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy reduces the ischaemia/reperfusion-associated inflammatory response in free muscle flaps. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 2012;65:640-9.
Erne 2018 {published data only}
    1. Erne F, Wetzel S, Wulker N, Gesicki M, Hofmann UK. Closed suction drainage after primary total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized trial. Journal of Knee Surgery 2018;31(8):804-10.
Fleming 2018 {published data only}
    1. Fleming CA, Kuteva M, O'Hanlon K, O'Brien G, McGreal G. Routine use of PICO dressings may reduce overall groin wound complication rates following peripheral vascular surgery. Journal of Hospital Infection 2018;99(1):75-80.
Frazee 2018 {published data only}
    1. Frazee R, Manning A, Abernathy S, Isbell C, Isbell T, Kurek S, et al. Open vs closed negative pressure wound therapy for contaminated and dirty surgical wounds: a prospective randomized comparison. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2018;226(4):507-12.
Grauhan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Grauhan O, Navasardyan A, Hofmann M, Müller P, Stein J, Hetzer R. Prevention of poststernotomy wound infections in obese patients by negative pressure wound therapy. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2013;145:1387-92.
Hu 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hu KX, Zhang HW, Zhou F, Yao G, Shi JP, Wang LF, et al. A comparative study of the clinical effects between two kinds of negative-pressure wound therapy. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 2009;24:253-7.
Johannesson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Johannesson A, Larsson GU, Oberg T, Atroshi I. Comparison of vacuum-formed removable rigid dressing with conventional rigid dressing after transtibial amputation: similar outcome in a randomized controlled trial involving 27 patients. Acta Orthopaedica 2008;97:361-9.
Joos 2015 {published data only}
    1. Joos A. Use of vacuum therapy in pilondal sinus: a randomized controlled study comparing negative pressure wound therapy versus standard wound care after surgical excision [Einsatz der Vakuumtherapie beim Sinus pilonidalis. Eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie zum Vergleich der Unterdruck-Wundtherapie versus Standard-Wundversorgung nach chirurgischer Exzision]. Coloproctology 2015;37(3):210-2.
Kim 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kim EK, Hong JP. Efficacy of negative pressure therapy to enhance take of 1-stage allodermis and a split-thickness graft. Annals of Plastic Surgery 2007;58:536-40.
Krishnamoorthy 2012 {published data only}
    1. Krishnamoorthy B, Al-Fagih OS, Madi MI, Najam O, Waterworth PD, Fildes JE, et al. Closed suction drainage improves clinical outcome in patients undergoing endoscopic vein harvesting for coronary artery bypass grafting. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2012;93(4):1201-5.
Li 2016 {published data only}
    1. Li PY, Yang D, Liu D, Sun SJ, Zhang LY. Reducing surgical site infection with negative-pressure wound therapy after open abdominal surgery: a prospective randomized controlled study. Scandanavian Journal of Surgery 2016;106(3):189-95.
Llanos 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Llanos S, Danilla S, Barraza C, Armijo E, Pineros JL, Quintas M, et al. Effectiveness of negative pressure closure in the integration of split thickness skin grafts. A randomized, double-masked, controlled trial. Annals of Surgery 2006;244(5):700–5.
Moisidis 2004 {published data only}
    1. Moisidis E, Heath T, Boorer C, Ho K, Deva AK. A prospective, blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial of topical negative pressure use in skin grafting. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2004;114:917-22.
Mouës 2004 {published data only}
    1. Mouës CM, Van Den Bemd GJ, Heule F, Hovius SE. A prospective randomized trial comparing vacuum therapy to conventional moist gauze therapy. In: Second World Union of Wound Healing Societies Meeting; 2004 July 8-13; Paris. 2004:6. [Abstract A001]
    1. Mouës CM, Van Den Bemd GJ, Meerding WJ, Hovius SE. Cost analysis comparing vacuum-assisted closure wound therapy to conventional moist gauze therapy. In: Second World Union of Wound Healing Societies Meeting; 2004 July 8-13; Paris. 2004:87. [Abstract A008]
    1. Mouës CM, Vos MC, Van den Bemd GJ, Stijnen T, Hovius SE. Bacterial load in relation to vacuum-assisted closure wound therapy. In: 13th Conference of the European Wound Management Association; 2003 May 22-24; Pisa, Italy. 2003:69.
    1. Mouës CM, Vos MC, Van den Bemd GJ, Stijnen T, Hovius SE. Bacterial load in relation to vacuum-assisted closure wound therapy: a prospective randomized trial. Wound Repair and Regeneration 2004;12:11-7.
Mouës 2007 {published data only}
    1. Mouës CM, Van den Bemd GJ, Heule F, Hovius SE. Comparing conventional gauze therapy to vacuum-assisted closure wound therapy: a prospective randomised trial. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 2007;60:672-81.
Muller‐Sloof 2018 {published data only}
    1. Muller-Sloof E, De Laat HE, Hummelink SL, Peters JW, Ulrich DJ. The effect of postoperative closed incision negative pressure therapy on the incidence of donor site wound dehiscence in breast reconstruction patients: DEhiscence PREvention Study (DEPRES), pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Tissue Viability 2018;27(4):262-6.
Pellino 2014 {published data only}
    1. Pellino G, Sciaudone G, Candilio G, Campitiello F, Selvaggi F, Canonico S. Effects of a new pocket device for negative pressure wound therapy on surgical wounds of patients affected with Crohn's disease: a pilot trial. Surgical Innovation 2014;21:204-12.
Petkar 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Petkar K, Dhanraj P, Sreekar H. Vacuum closure as a skin-graft dressing: a comparison against conventional dressing. European Journal of Plastic Surgery 2012;35:579-84.
Rahmanian‐Schwarz 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rahmanian-Schwarz A, Willkomm LM. A novel option in negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) for chronic and acute wound care. Handchirurgie Mikrochirurgie Plastiche Chirurgie 2012;38:573-7.
Sinha 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sinha M, Anand HP, Batra A. Coming-of-age in management of post-caesarean surgical-site infections: an ingenious vacuum assisted closure! BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2016;123(S2):152-3.
Stannard 2006 {published data only}
    1. Stannard JP, Robinson JT, Anderson ER, McGwin G Jr, Volgas DA, Alonso JE. Negative pressure wound therapy to treat hematomas and surgical incisions following high-energy trauma. Journal of Trauma 60;6:1301-6.
Svensson‐Bjork 2018 {published data only}
    1. Svensson-Bjork R, Hasselmann J, Acosta S. Evaluation of inguinal vascular surgical scars treated with closed incisional negative pressure wound therapy using three-dimensional digital imaging - a randomized controlled trial on bilateral incisions. Wound Repair and Regeneration 2018;26(1):77-86.
Trofa 2019 {published data only}
    1. Trofa DP, Paulino FE, Munoz J, Villacis DC, Irvine JN, Jobin CM, et al. Short-term outcomes associated with drain use in shoulder arthroplasties: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2019;28(2):205-11.
Visser 2017 {published data only}
    1. Visser R, Milbrandt K, Lum Min S, Wiseman N, Hancock BJ, Morris M, et al. Applying vacuum to accomplish reduced wound infections in laparoscopic pediatric surgery. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2017;52:849-52.
Walker 2018 {published data only}
    1. Walker ME, Tsay C, Broer PN, Zhu VZ, Sturrock T, Ng R, et al. A prospective, randomized-controlled pilot study comparing closed suction versus negative pressure drains for panniculectomy patients. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery 2018;71(3):438-9.
Yu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Yu Y, Song Z, Xu Z, Ye X, Xue C, Li J, et al. Bilayered negative-pressure wound therapy preventing leg incision morbidity in coronary artery bypass graft patients: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine 2017;96(3):e5925.
Zotes 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zotes V, Mier JM, Cortes G. Negative pressure wound therapy in a potentially infected wound after empyema surgery. Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery 2015;21:187.
References to studies awaiting assessment Nagata 2018 {published data only}
    1. Nagata T, Miura K, Homma Y, Fukamizu H. Comparison between negative-pressure fixation and film dressing in wound management after tissue expansion: a randomized controlled trial. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2018;142(1):37-41.
NCT00654641 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00654641. Prevention of wound complications after cesarean delivery in obese women utilizing negative pressure wound therapy. (first received 8 April 2008).
NCT00724750 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00724750. Comparison of two methods of negative pressure wound therapy. (first received 30 July 2008).
References to ongoing studies ACTRN12615000175572 {unpublished data only}
    1. ACTRN12615000175572. Do suction assisted negative pressure dressings reduce the incidence of surgical site infections after abdominal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. (first received 23 February 2015).
ACTRN12618000026224p {unpublished data only}
    1. ACTRN12618000026224p [provisional]. Negative pressure dressing in pilonidal surgery. (first received 2 June 2017).
ACTRN12618001611213 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12618001611213 2018. Does the use of negative pressure wound therapy reduce the rate of post operative wound infection after bowel surgery. The effect of PICO dressings on surgical site infection following bowel resection: a randomised controlled trial. (first received 28 September 2018).
ACTRN12618002006224 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12618002006224. Testing the effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy in the at risk obstetric population for the prevention of surgical wound complications: the CYGNUS Trial. (first received 13 December 2018).
ChiCTR ‐IOR‐15006439 {unpublished data only}
    1. ChiCTR-IOR-15006439. Prevention surgical site infection with using negative pressure wound therapy in abdominal incision. (first received 24 May 2015).
DRKS00006199 {unpublished data only}
    1. DRKS00006199. Postoperative negative pressure incision therapy following open colorectal surgery: a randomized-controlled trial. (first received 20 August 2014).
DRKS00011033 {unpublished data only}
    1. DRKS00011033. Evaluation of negative pressure incisional therapy in urgent gastro-intestinal surgery for reduction of superficial surgical site infections compared to non-occlusive conventional plaster - a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial. (first received 30 August 2016).
DRKS00015136 {unpublished data only}
    1. DRKS00015136. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) on closed incisions to prevent surgical site infection in HPB-surgery. (first received 19 February 2019).
Gillespie 2016 {unpublished data only}
    1. ACTRN12615000286549. Negative pressure wound therapy versus standard care dressing to prevent surgical site infections in obese women undergoing caesarean section. (first received 25 February 2015).
    1. Gillespie BM, Webster J, Ellwood D, Stapleton H, Whitty JA, Thalib L, et al. ADding negative pRESSure to improve healING (the DRESSING trial): a RCT protocol. BMJ Open 2016;6:e010287.
ISRCTN12702354 {unpublished data only}
    1. ISRCTN12702354. Wound healing in surgical trauma. (first received 7 December 2015).
ISRCTN31224450 {unpublished data only}
    1. ISRCTN31224450. Negative pressure therapy in large incisional hernia surgery. (first received 26 March 2013).
ISRCTN55305726 {unpublished data only}
    1. ISRCTN55305726. WHITE 7 - WHISH – wound healing in surgery for hip fractures. (first received 31 May 2017).
Jorgensen 2018 {published data only}
    1. Jorgensen MG, Toyserkani NM, Hyldig N, Chakera AH, Holmich LR, Thomsen JB. Prevention of seroma following inguinal lymph node dissection with prophylactic, incisional, negative-pressure wound therapy (SEROMA trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(1):441.
JPRN000030936 {unpublished data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000030936. A randomized phase II study to evaluate efficacy of negative pressure wound therapy on prophylaxis of the incisional hernia after reversal of temporaly diverting stoma. (first received 22 January 2018).
KCT0004063 {unpublished data only}
    1. KCT0004063. The effectiveness of negative pressure wound dressing for the wound healing after stoma closure. (first received 13 June 2019).
Masters 2018 {published data only}
    1. Masters JPM, Achten J, Cook J, Dritsaki M, Sansom L, Costa ML. Randomised controlled feasibility trial of standard wound management versus negative-pressure wound therapy in the treatment of adult patients having surgical incisions for hip fractures. BMJ Open 2018;8(4):e020632.
Mihaljevic 2015 {published data only}
    1. Mihaljevic AL, Schirren R, Muller TC, Kehl V, Friess H, Kleeff J. Postoperative negative-pressure incision therapy following open colorectal surgery (Poniy): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16(1):1-11.
NCT01450631 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01450631. The use of the Prevena™ incision management system on post-surgical cesarean section incisions. (first received 12 October 2011).
NCT01770067 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01770067. Prophylactic treatment of high-risk patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED) with continuous in-situ ultra high-dose antibiotics (CITA) under regulated negative pressure-assisted wound therapy (RNPT). (first received 17 January 2013).
NCT01891006 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01891006. Intervention for postpartum infections following caesarean section (APIPICS). (first received 2 July 2013).
NCT01905397 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01905397. Negative pressure wound therapy to reduce surgical site infection. (first received 23 July 2013).
NCT01913132 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01913132. PICO above incisions after vascular surgery. (first received 31 July 2013).
NCT02020018 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02020018. Negative pressure wound therapy for prevention of poststernotomy infection. (first received 24 December 2013).
NCT02064270 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02064270. Study to compare negative pressure wound therapy or standard dressings after orthopedic surgery (PICO). (first received 17 February 2014).
    1. Stannard JP. PICO: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study to assess the prevention of postsurgical incision healing complications in patients undergoing primary or revision knee arthroplasty (KA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA), treated with either single-use negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) or standard postsurgical dressings. 2016.
NCT02118558 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02118558. Negative pressure wound therapy – PREVENA – in prevention of infections after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). (first received 21 April 2014).
NCT02127281 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02127281. Evaluation of wound management with negative pressure dressing versus standard dressing after revision arthroplasty. (first received 30 April 2014).
NCT02302222 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02302222. The management of closed surgical incisions resulting from incisional hernia repair and/or functional panniculectomy using the Prevena Customizable dressing. (first received 26 November 2014).
NCT02309944 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02309944. Negative pressure wound therapy in obese gynecologic oncology patients. (first received 5 December 2014).
NCT02331485 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02331485. Randomised control study to assess the role of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the management of wound in surgical patient. (first received 6 January 2015).
NCT02348034 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02348034. A randomized controlled trial exploring the ability of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) to reduce colorectal surgical site infections (SSI). (first received 28 January 2015).
NCT02389023 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02389023. Comparison of Prevena negative pressure incision management system vs. standard dressing after vascular surgery. (first received 17 March 2015).
NCT02408835 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02408835. Negative pressure wound therapy in groin dissection. (first received 6 April 2015).
NCT02492854 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02492854. Standard versus PICO dressings in lower-extremity bypass patients (PICO-LEB). (first received 9 July 2015).
NCT02509260 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02509260. Prevena incisional negative pressure wound therapy in re-operative colorectal surgery. (first received 27 July 2015).
NCT02558764 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02558764. Effects of preventive negative pressure wound therapy with PICO on surgical wounds of kidney transplant patients. (first received 24 September 2015).
NCT02578745 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02578745. Prophylactic incisional care in obese women at cesarean (PICO-C). (first received 19 October 2015).
NCT02664168 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02664168. A comparative study to assess the prevention of surgical site infection (SSI's) in revision total joint arthroplasty patients treated with single-use negative pressure wound therapy (PICO) or standard care dressings (AQUACEL Ag surgical dressing). (first received 26 January 2016).
NCT02682316 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02682316. Negative pressure wound therapy in post-operative incision management. (first received 15 February 2016).
NCT02790385 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02790385. Negative pressure wound therapy - a multi-centered randomized control trial (NPWT). (first received 3 June 2016).
NCT02799667 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02799667. Do single use negative pressure dressings reduce wound complications in obese women after cesarean delivery? (first received 15 June 2016).
NCT02892435 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02892435. Prevena incision management system vs conventional management for wound healing. (first received 8 September 2016).
NCT02901405 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02901405. NPWT in soft tissue sarcoma surgery. (first received 15 September 2016).
NCT02901613 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02901613. Prophylactic post-cesarean incisional negative-pressure wound therapy in morbidly obese patients. (first received 15 September 2016).
NCT02926924 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02926924. Prophylactic application of an incisional wound vac to prevent wound complications in obese spine surgery patients. (first received 6 October 2016).
NCT02954835 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02954835. Negative pressure therapy for groin wounds. (first received 3 November 2016).
NCT02967627 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02967627. VAC dressings for colorectal resections (VACCRR). (first received 18 November 2016).
NCT03000010 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03000010. Wound Vac bandage comparison after spinal fusion (WV). (first received 21 December 2016).
NCT03009110 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03009110. Preventing adverse incisional outcomes at cesarean multicenter trial (Prevena-C). (first received 4 January 2017).
NCT03010137 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03010137. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy in high risk patients undergoing panniculectomy: a prospective randomized controlled trial. (first received 4 January 2017).
NCT03021668 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03021668. Comparison between wound vacuum dressing and standard closure to reduce rates of surgical site infections. (first received 16 January 2017).
NCT03061903 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03061903. Closed incision negative pressure therapy vs standard of care (Prevena). (first received 23 February 2017).
NCT03069885 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03069885. iNPWT in immediate breast reconstruction. (first received 3 March 2017).
NCT03082664 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03082664. Negative pressure wound therapy to prevent wound complications following cesarean section in high risk patients. (first received 17 March 2017).
NCT03144726 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03144726. RCT on NPWT for incisions following major lower-limb amputation to reduce surgical site infection. (first received 9 May 2017).
NCT03175718 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03175718. INPWT on wound complications & clinical outcomes after lower extremity sarcoma surgery preop radiation therapy patients (VAC). (first received 6 June 2018).
NCT03180346 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03180346. A prospective, randomized, comparative study to assess the prevention of surgical site infection (SSIs) in revision total joint arthroplasty patients treated with single-use negative pressure wound therapy (PICO) or standard care dressings (AQUACEL Ag surgical dressing). (first received 8 June 2017).
NCT03250442 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03250442. Evaluating the outcomes for incisional application of negative pressure for nontraumatic amputations. (first received 15 August 2017).
NCT03269968 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03269968. Use of negative pressure wound therapy in morbidly obese women after cesarean delivery. (first received 1 September 2017).
NCT03274466 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03274466. Closed incision negative pressure therapy versus standard of care surgical dressing in revision total knee arthroplasty (PROMISES). (first received 7 September 2017).
NCT03321799 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03321799. Comparison of negative pressure wound therapy versus conventional dressings for the prevention of wound complications after revision THA. (first received 26 October 2017).
NCT03345771 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03345771. Antimicrobial barrier dressing versus closed-incision negative pressure therapy in the obese primary total joint arthroplasty. (first received 17 November 2017).
NCT03346694 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03346694. Reducing surgical site infection rates using an alternative sternal dressing. (first received 17 November 2017).
NCT03395613 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03395613. Negative pressure incision management system in infrainguinal vascular surgery. (first received 10 January 2018).
NCT03402945 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03402945. Prevention of infections in cardiac surgery (PICS) Prevena study (PICS-Prevena). (first received 18 January 2018).
NCT03414762 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03414762. PICO negative pressure wound therapy in obese women undergoing elective cesarean delivery. (first received 30 January 2018).
NCT03458663 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03458663. Randomized trial comparing Prevena and ActiV.A.C. system to conventional care after Bascom's cleft lift surgery. (first received 8 March 2018).
NCT03460262 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03460262. Negative pressure wound therapy for prevention of groin infection following vascular surgery (PICO). (first received 9 March 2018).
NCT03512470 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03512470. Clinical study on the prevention of surgical wound complications for aneurysmal thoracic-abdominal aortic pathology using the "PREVENA" system (TVAC). (first received 20 April 2018).
NCT03576222 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03576222. Preventive PICO on surgical wounds after large incisional hernia repair. (first received 09 June 2018).
NCT03632005 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03632005. Negative pressure wound therapy vs. sterile dressing for patients undergoing thoracolumbar spine surgery. (first received 08 August 2018).
NCT03688438 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03688438. WoundVac in obese patients undergoing lumbar surgery. (first received 26 September 2018).
NCT03700086 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03700086. Efficacy of a disposable negative wound pressure device in reducing the incidence of wound infection after HPB surgery. (first received 15 May 2018).
NCT03716687 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03716687. Prophylactic negative pressure wound therapy for high risk laparotomy wounds. A randomized prospective clinical trial. (first received 21 October 2018).
NCT03773575 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03773575. Evaluation of closed incision negative pressure dressing (PREVENA) to prevent lower extremity amputation wound complications. (first received 10 December 2018).
NCT03781206 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03781206. Negative pressure wound therapy for wound healing after stoma reversal. (first received 13 December 2018).
NCT03816293 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03816293. SUpPress SSI - single use negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) to reduce surgical site infections. (first received 22 January 2019).
NCT03820219 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03820219. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy in patients undergoing spine surgery. (first received 25 January 2019).
NCT03871023 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03871023. Prophylactic negative wound therapy in laparotomy wounds. (first received 07 March 2019).
NCT03886818 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03886818. Efficacy of negative pressure wound therapy after total ankle arthroplasty. (first received 20 March 2019).
NCT03900078 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03900078. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy for resection of soft tissue tumors [Inzisionelle Negative Drucktherapie Nach Resektion Von Weichteiltumoren - Eine Prospektive, Randomisierte, Kontrollierte Klinische Studie]. (first received 26 March 2019).
NCT03905213 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03905213. Prevention of surgical wound infection. (first received 20 March 2019).
NCT03935659 {published data only}
    1. NCT03935659. Negative pressure wound therapy for surgical site infection prevention in common femoral artery exposure. (first received 25 April 2019).
NCT03948412 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03948412. Negative pressure wound therapy (PREVENA) versus standard dressings for incision management after renal transplant incision management with Prevena after renal transplant (IMPART) trial. (first received 05 May 2019).
Nguyen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nguyen V, Webb M, Neely Panton O. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy following colorectal resection: preliminary report from a single site, prospective, randomized control trial. Surgical Endoscopy 2017;31(Suppl 1):S226.
NL6488 {unpublished data only}
    1. NTR6675. PREventing surgical site occurrences using negative preSSURE wound therapy? The PRESSURE trial. (first received 6 October 2017).
NTR6481 {unpublished data only}
    1. NTR6481. Randomized controlled clinical trial incisional NPWT versus sterile surgical dressing for surgical wounds after arterial vascular surgery. (first received 1 June 2017).
Sandy‐Hodgetts 2017 {unpublished data only}
    1. ACTRN12612001275853. Effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the prevention of post-operative surgical wound dehiscence in at risk patients following abdominal surgery; a multicentre randomised control trial. (first received 13 June 2012).
    1. Sandy-Hodgetts K, Leslie GD, Parsons R, Zeps N, Carville K. Prevention of postsurgical wound dehiscence after abdominal surgery with NPWT: a multicentre randomised controlled trial protocol. Journal of Wound Care 2017;26(SuP 2):S23-6.
SUNRRISE 2017 {published data only}
    1. SUNRRISE study group. Single use negative pressure dressing for reduction in surgical site infections following emergency laparotomy - the SUNRRISE trial. Colorectal Disease 2017;19(Suppl 2):14.
TCTR20170331001 {unpublished data only}
    1. TCTR20170331001. Antiseptic dressing versus negative pressure dressing techniques for uncomplicated pediatric appendicitis, randomized controlled trial. (first received 29 March 2017).
Additional references ABS 2014
    1. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 3101.0 - Australian Demographic Statistics, Jun 2014. (accessed 5 March 2018).
Acosta 2017
    1. Acosta S, Björck M, Wanhainen A. Negative-pressure wound therapy for prevention and treatment of surgical-site infections after vascular surgery. British Journal of Surgery 2017;104(2):e75-84.
Allen 2011
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