Recommendations on clinical trial design for treatment of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III

Arunabha Ghosh, Elsa Shapiro, Stewart Rust, Kathleen Delaney, Samantha Parker, Adam J Shaywitz, Adelaida Morte, Gillian Bubb, Maureen Cleary, Tien Bo, Christine Lavery, Brian W Bigger, Simon A Jones, Arunabha Ghosh, Elsa Shapiro, Stewart Rust, Kathleen Delaney, Samantha Parker, Adam J Shaywitz, Adelaida Morte, Gillian Bubb, Maureen Cleary, Tien Bo, Christine Lavery, Brian W Bigger, Simon A Jones

Abstract

Background: Mucopolysaccharidosis type III is a progressive, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder for which there is currently no effective therapy. Though numerous potential therapies are in development, there are several challenges to conducting clinical research in this area. We seek to make recommendations on the approach to clinical research in MPS III, including the selection of outcome measures and trial endpoints, in order to improve the quality and impact of research in this area.

Results: An international workshop involving academic researchers, clinical experts and industry groups was held in June 2015, with presentations and discussions on disease pathophysiology, biomarkers, potential therapies and clinical outcome measures. A set of recommendations was subsequently prepared by a working group and reviewed by all delegates. We present a series of 11 recommendations regarding the conduct of clinical research, outcome measures and management of natural history data in Mucopolysaccharidosis type III.

Conclusions: Improving the quality of clinical research in Mucopolysaccharidosis type III will require an open, collaborative and systematic approach between academic researchers, clinicians and industry. Natural history data should be published as soon as possible and ideally collated in a central repository. There should be agreement on outcome measures and instruments for evaluation of clinical outcomes to maximise the effectiveness of current and future clinical research.

Keywords: Behaviour; Clinical trials; Cognitive assessment; Lysosomal storage disorders; Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III; Natural history; Quality of life; Sanfilippo syndrome; mucopolysaccharidoses.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Possible responses to therapy in a progressive disorder such as MPS III. (Courtesy of Ed Wraith)

References

    1. Lin HY, Lin SP, Chuang CK, Niu DM, Chen MR, Tsai FJ, et al. Incidence of the mucopolysaccharidoses in Taiwan, 1984-2004. Am J Med Genet A. 2009;149A:960–4.
    1. Malm G, Mansson JE. Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo disease) in Sweden: clinical presentation of 22 children diagnosed during a 30-year period. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99:1253–1257. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01800.x.
    1. Baehner F, Schmiedeskamp C, Krummenauer F, Miebach E, Bajbouj M, Whybra C, et al. Cumulative incidence rates of the mucopolysaccharidoses in Germany. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28:1011–1017. doi: 10.1007/s10545-005-0112-z.
    1. Poorthuis BJ, Wevers RA, Kleijer WJ, Groener JE, de Jong JG, van Weely S, et al. The frequency of lysosomal storage diseases in The Netherlands. Hum Genet. 1999;105:151–156. doi: 10.1007/s004399900075.
    1. Heron B, Mikaeloff Y, Froissart R, Caridade G, Maire I, Caillaud C, et al. Incidence and natural history of mucopolysaccharidosis type III in France and comparison with United Kingdom and Greece. Am J Med Genet A. 2011;155a:58–68. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33779.
    1. Nelson J, Crowhurst J, Carey B, Greed L. Incidence of the mucopolysaccharidoses in Western Australia. Am J Med Genet A. 2003;123A:310–313. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20314.
    1. Pinto R, Caseiro C, Lemos M, Lopes L, Fontes A, Ribeiro H, et al. Prevalence of lysosomal storage diseases in Portugal. Eur J Hum Genet. 2004;12:87–92. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201044.
    1. Malm G, Lund AM, Mansson JE, Heiberg A. Mucopolysaccharidoses in the Scandinavian countries: incidence and prevalence. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97:1577–1581. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00965.x.
    1. Poupetova H, Ledvinova J, Berna L, Dvorakova L, Kozich V, Elleder M. The birth prevalence of lysosomal storage disorders in the Czech Republic: comparison with data in different populations. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2010;33:387–396. doi: 10.1007/s10545-010-9093-7.
    1. Krabbi K, Joost K, Zordania R, Talvik I, Rein R, Huijmans JG, et al. The live-birth prevalence of mucopolysaccharidoses in Estonia. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers. 2012;16:846–849. doi: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0307.
    1. Jurecka A, Lugowska A, Golda A, Czartoryska B, Tylki-Szymanska A. Prevalence rates of mucopolysaccharidoses in Poland. J Appl Genet. 2015;56:205–210. doi: 10.1007/s13353-014-0262-5.
    1. Emre S, Terzioglu M, Tokatli A, Coskun T, Ozalp I, Weber B, et al. Sanfilippo syndrome in Turkey: Identification of novel mutations in subtypes A and B. Hum Mutat. 2002;19:184–185. doi: 10.1002/humu.9009.
    1. Tylki-Szymanska A, Czartoryska B, Gorska D, Piesiewicz-Grzonkowska E. Type III D mucopolysaccharidosis (Sanfilippo D): clinical course and symptoms. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1998;40:492–494. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.1998.tb01977.x.
    1. Beesley CE, Burke D, Jackson M, Vellodi A, Winchester BG, Young EP. Sanfilippo syndrome type D: identification of the first mutation in the N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulphatase gene. J Med Genet. 2003;40:192–194. doi: 10.1136/jmg.40.3.192.
    1. Jansen AC, Cao H, Kaplan P, Silver K, Leonard G, De Meirleir L, et al. Sanfilippo syndrome type D: natural history and identification of 3 novel mutations in the GNS Gene. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:1629–1634. doi: 10.1001/archneur.64.11.1629.
    1. Valstar MJ, Ruijter GJ, van Diggelen OP, Poorthuis BJ, Wijburg FA. Sanfilippo syndrome: a mini-review. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2008;31:240–252. doi: 10.1007/s10545-008-0838-5.
    1. McGlynn R, Dobrenis K, Walkley SU. Differential subcellular localization of cholesterol, gangliosides, and glycosaminoglycans in murine models of mucopolysaccharide storage disorders. J Comp Neurol. 2004;480:415–426. doi: 10.1002/cne.20355.
    1. Settembre C, Fraldi A, Jahreiss L, Spampanato C, Venturi C, Medina D, et al. A block of autophagy in lysosomal storage disorders. Hum Mol Genet. 2008;17:119–129. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddm289.
    1. Pshezhetsky AV. Lysosomal storage of heparan sulfate causes mitochondrial defects, altered autophagy, and neuronal death in the mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis III type C. Autophagy. 2016;12:1059–1060. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1046671.
    1. Wilkinson FL, Holley RJ, Langford-Smith KJ, Badrinath S, Liao A, Langford-Smith A, et al. Neuropathology in mouse models of mucopolysaccharidosis type I, IIIA and IIIB. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35787. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035787.
    1. Ohmi K, Greenberg DS, Rajavel KS, Ryazantsev S, Li HH, Neufeld EF. Activated microglia in cortex of mouse models of mucopolysaccharidoses I and IIIB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:1902–1907. doi: 10.1073/pnas.252784899.
    1. Martins C, Hulkova H, Dridi L, Dormoy-Raclet V, Grigoryeva L, Choi Y, et al. Neuroinflammation, mitochondrial defects and neurodegeneration in mucopolysaccharidosis III type C mouse model. Brain. 2015;138:336–355. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu355.
    1. Cleary MA, Wraith JE. Management of mucopolysaccharidosis type III. Arch Dis Child. 1993;69:403–406. doi: 10.1136/adc.69.3.403.
    1. Delgadillo V, O'Callaghan Mdel M, Gort L, Coll MJ, Pineda M. Natural history of Sanfilippo syndrome in Spain. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2013;8:189. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-189.
    1. van de Kamp JJ, Niermeijer MF, von Figura K, Giesberts MA. Genetic heterogeneity and clinical variability in the Sanfilippo syndrome (types A, B, and C) Clin Genet. 1981;20:152–160. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1981.tb01821.x.
    1. Wijburg FA, Wegrzyn G, Burton BK, Tylki-Szymanska A. Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo syndrome) and misdiagnosis of idiopathic developmental delay, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102:462–470. doi: 10.1111/apa.12169.
    1. Valstar MJ, Marchal JP, Grootenhuis M, Colland V, Wijburg FA. Cognitive development in patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo syndrome) Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2011;6:43. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-6-43.
    1. Ruijter GJ, Valstar MJ, van de Kamp JM, van der Helm RM, Durand S, van Diggelen OP, et al. Clinical and genetic spectrum of Sanfilippo type C (MPS IIIC) disease in The Netherlands. Mol Genet Metab. 2008;93:104–111. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.09.011.
    1. Meyer A, Kossow K, Gal A, Mühlhausen C, Ullrich K, Braulke T, et al. Scoring Evaluation of the Natural Course of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIA (Sanfilippo Syndrome Type A) Pediatrics. 2007;120:e1255–e1261. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-0282.
    1. Valstar MJ, Neijs S, Bruggenwirth HT, Olmer R, Ruijter GJ, Wevers RA, et al. Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA: clinical spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlations. Ann Neurol. 2010;68:876–887. doi: 10.1002/ana.22092.
    1. van Schrojenstein-de Valk HM, van de Kamp JJ. Follow-up on seven adult patients with mild Sanfilippo B-disease. Am J Med Genet. 1987;28:125–129. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320280118.
    1. Verhoeven WM, Csepan R, Marcelis CL, Lefeber DJ, Egger JI, Tuinier S. Sanfilippo B in an elderly female psychiatric patient: a rare but relevant diagnosis in presenile dementia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;122:162–165. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01521.x.
    1. Meyer A, Kossow K, Gal A, Steglich C, Muhlhausen C, Ullrich K, et al. The mutation p.Ser298Pro in the sulphamidase gene (SGSH) is associated with a slowly progressive clinical phenotype in mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (Sanfilippo A syndrome) Hum Mutat. 2008;29:770. doi: 10.1002/humu.20738.
    1. Muschol N, Pohl S, Meyer A, Gal A, Ullrich K, Braulke T. Residual activity and proteasomal degradation of p.Ser298Pro sulfamidase identified in patients with a mild clinical phenotype of Sanfilippo A syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2011;155A:1634–1639. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34053.
    1. Vellodi A, Young E, New M, Pot-Mees C, Hugh-Jones K. Bone marrow transplantation for Sanfilippo disease type B. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1992;15:911–918. doi: 10.1007/BF01800232.
    1. Sivakumur P, Wraith JE. Bone marrow transplantation in mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA: a comparison of an early treated patient with his untreated sibling. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1999;22:849–850. doi: 10.1023/A:1005526628598.
    1. Prasad VK, Mendizabal A, Parikh SH, Szabolcs P, Driscoll TA, Page K, et al. Unrelated donor umbilical cord blood transplantation for inherited metabolic disorders in 159 pediatric patients from a single center: influence of cellular composition of the graft on transplantation outcomes. Blood. 2008;112:2979–2989. doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-03-140830.
    1. Jones SA, Breen C, Heap F, Rust S, de Ruijter J, Tump E, et al. A phase 1/2 study of intrathecal heparan-N-sulfatase in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA. Mol Genet Metab. 2016;118:198–205. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.05.006.
    1. Kan SH, Troitskaya LA, Sinow CS, Haitz K, Todd AK, Di Stefano A, et al. Insulin-like growth factor II peptide fusion enables uptake and lysosomal delivery of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase to mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB fibroblasts. Biochem J. 2014;458:281–289. doi: 10.1042/BJ20130845.
    1. Boado RJ, Lu JZ, Hui EK, Lin H, Pardridge WM. Insulin Receptor Antibody-alpha-N-Acetylglucosaminidase Fusion Protein Penetrates the Primate Blood-Brain Barrier and Reduces Glycosoaminoglycans in Sanfilippo Type B Fibroblasts. Mol Pharm. 2016;13:1385–1392. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00037.
    1. Rojas-Caro S, Whitley C, Escolar M, Vijay S, Parker G, Leavitt M, et al. Book of Abstracts - 14th International symposium on MPS and related diseases, Bonn, Germany: Initial 24 week results of HS levels in CSF and serum, brain structural MRI and neurocognition evaluations in a Phase I/II first in human clinical trial of IV SBC-103 in MPS-IIIB. J Inborn Errors Metab Screen. 2016;4:44.
    1. Malinowska M, Wilkinson FL, Langford-Smith KJ, Langford-Smith A, Brown JR, Crawford BE, et al. Genistein improves neuropathology and corrects behaviour in a mouse model of neurodegenerative metabolic disease. PLoS One. 2010;5:e14192. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014192.
    1. Kim KH, Dodsworth C, Paras A, Burton BK. High dose genistein aglycone therapy is safe in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses involving the central nervous system. Mol Genet Metab. 2013;109:382–385. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.06.012.
    1. McIntyre C, Derrick-Roberts AL, Byers S, Anson DS. Correction of murine mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA central nervous system pathology by intracerebroventricular lentiviral-mediated gene delivery. J Gene Med. 2014;16:374–387. doi: 10.1002/jgm.2816.
    1. Ruzo A, Garcia M, Ribera A, Villacampa P, Haurigot V, Marco S, et al. Liver production of sulfamidase reverses peripheral and ameliorates CNS pathology in mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA mice. Mol Ther. 2012;20:254–266. doi: 10.1038/mt.2011.220.
    1. Ribera A, Haurigot V, Garcia M, Marco S, Motas S, Villacampa P, et al. Biochemical, histological and functional correction of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB by intra-cerebrospinal fluid gene therapy. Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24:2078–2095. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu727.
    1. Ellinwood NM, Ausseil J, Desmaris N, Bigou S, Liu S, Jens JK, et al. Safe, efficient, and reproducible gene therapy of the brain in the dog models of Sanfilippo and Hurler syndromes. Mol Ther. 2011;19:251–259. doi: 10.1038/mt.2010.265.
    1. Di Domenico C, Villani GR, Di Napoli D, Nusco E, Cali G, Nitsch L, et al. Intracranial gene delivery of LV-NAGLU vector corrects neuropathology in murine MPS IIIB. Am J Med Genet A. 2009;149a:1209–1218. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32861.
    1. Heldermon CD, Qin EY, Ohlemiller KK, Herzog ED, Brown JR, Vogler C, et al. Disease correction by combined neonatal intracranial AAV and systemic lentiviral gene therapy in Sanfilippo Syndrome type B mice. Gene Ther. 2013;20:913–921. doi: 10.1038/gt.2013.14.
    1. Sergijenko A, Langford-Smith A, Liao AY, Pickford CE, McDermott J, Nowinski G, et al. Myeloid/Microglial driven autologous hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy corrects a neuronopathic lysosomal disease. Mol Ther. 2013;21:1938–1949. doi: 10.1038/mt.2013.141.
    1. Tardieu M, Zerah M, Husson B, de Bournonville S, Deiva K, Adamsbaum C, et al. Intracerebral administration of adeno-associated viral vector serotype rh.10 carrying human SGSH and SUMF1 cDNAs in children with mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA disease: results of a phase I/II trial. Hum Gene Ther. 2014;25:506–516. doi: 10.1089/hum.2013.238.
    1. Fu H, Dirosario J, Killedar S, Zaraspe K, McCarty DM. Correction of neurological disease of mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB in adult mice by rAAV9 trans-blood-brain barrier gene delivery. Mol Ther. 2011;19:1025–1033. doi: 10.1038/mt.2011.34.
    1. Langford-Smith A, Wilkinson FL, Langford-Smith KJ, Holley RJ, Sergijenko A, Howe SJ, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell and gene therapy corrects primary neuropathology and behavior in mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA mice. Mol Ther. 2012;20:1610–1621. doi: 10.1038/mt.2012.82.
    1. Flanigan K. Phase I/II Gene Transfer Clinical Trial of scAAV9.U1a.hSGSH for Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIA. In: ClinicalTrialsgov [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 - [cited 2016 Oct 19]. Available from: . NLM identifier: NCT02716246.
    1. Alexion Pharmaceuticals. Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics/Efficacy of SBC-103 in MPS IIIB. In: ClinicalTrialsgov [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 - [cited 2016 Oct 19]. Available from: . NLM identifier: NCT02324049.
    1. European Clinical Trials Database. A Phase III, Double Blinded, Randomised, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial of High Dose Oral Genistein Aglycone in Patients with Sanfilippo Syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis III) []. Accessed 19 Oct 2016.
    1. Truxal KV, Fu H, McCarty DM, McNally KA, Kunkler KL, Zumberge NA, et al. A prospective one-year natural history study of mucopolysaccharidosis types IIIA and IIIB: Implications for clinical trial design. Mol Genet Metab. 2016;
    1. Shapiro EG, Nestrasil I, Delaney KA, Rudser K, Kovac V, Nair N, et al. A Prospective Natural History Study of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIA. J Pediatr. 2016;170:278-287.e271-274. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.11.079.
    1. Sanfilippo SJ, Podosin R, Langer L, Good RA. Mental retardation associated with acid mucopolysacchariduria (heparitin sulfate type) J Pediatr. 1963;63:837–838. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(63)80279-6.
    1. Buhrman D, Thakkar K, Poe M, Escolar ML. Natural history of Sanfilippo syndrome type A. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2014;37:431–437. doi: 10.1007/s10545-013-9661-8.
    1. de Ruijter J, Maas M, Janssen A, Wijburg FA. High prevalence of femoral head necrosis in Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo disease): a national, observational, cross-sectional study. Mol Genet Metab. 2013;109:49–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.03.004.
    1. White KK, Karol LA, White DR, Hale S. Musculoskeletal manifestations of Sanfilippo Syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type III) J Pediatr Orthop. 2011;31:594–598. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e31821f5ee9.
    1. Ashworth JL, Biswas S, Wraith E, Lloyd IC. Mucopolysaccharidoses and the eye. Surv Ophthalmol. 2006;51:1–17. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.11.007.
    1. Valstar MJ, Bruggenwirth HT, Olmer R, Wevers RA, Verheijen FW, Poorthuis BJ, et al. Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB may predominantly present with an attenuated clinical phenotype. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2010;33:759–767. doi: 10.1007/s10545-010-9199-y.
    1. Martin HR, Poe MD, Reinhartsen D, Pretzel RE, Roush J, Rosenberg A, et al. Methods for assessing neurodevelopment in lysosomal storage diseases and related disorders: a multidisciplinary perspective. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97:69–75. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00651.x.
    1. Malcolm C, Hain R, Gibson F, Adams S, Anderson G, Forbat L. Challenging symptoms in children with rare life-limiting conditions: findings from a prospective diary and interview study with families. Acta Paediatr. 2012;101:985–992. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02680.x.
    1. Delaney KA, Rudser KR, Yund BD, Whitley CB, Haslett PA, Shapiro EG. Methods of neurodevelopmental assessment in children with neurodegenerative disease: Sanfilippo syndrome. JIMD Rep. 2014;13:129–137. doi: 10.1007/8904_2013_269.
    1. Dickson PI, Pariser AR, Groft SC, Ishihara RW, McNeil DE, Tagle D, et al. Research challenges in central nervous system manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism. Mol Genet Metab. 2011;102:326–338. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.11.164.
    1. Shapiro EG, Lockman LA, Balthazor M, Krivit W. Neuropsychological outcomes of several storage diseases with and without bone marrow transplantation. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1995;18:413–429. doi: 10.1007/BF00710053.
    1. Cross EM, Hare DJ. Behavioural phenotypes of the mucopolysaccharide disorders: a systematic literature review of cognitive, motor, social, linguistic and behavioural presentation in the MPS disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2013;36:189–200. doi: 10.1007/s10545-012-9572-0.
    1. Fraser J, Gason AA, Wraith JE, Delatycki MB. Sleep disturbance in Sanfilippo syndrome: a parental questionnaire study. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:1239–1242. doi: 10.1136/adc.2004.065482.
    1. Rumsey RK, Rudser K, Delaney K, Potegal M, Whitley CB, Shapiro E. Acquired autistic behaviors in children with mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA. J Pediatr. 2014;164:1147-1151.e1141. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.007.
    1. Shapiro E, King K, Ahmed A, Rudser K, Rumsey R, Yund B, et al. The Neurobehavioral Phenotype in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIB: an Exploratory Study. Mol Genet Metab Rep. 2016;6:41–47. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2016.01.003.
    1. Shapiro EG, Nestrasil I, Ahmed A, Wey A, Rudser KR, Delaney KA, et al. Quantifying behaviors of children with Sanfilippo syndrome: The Sanfilippo Behavior Rating Scale. Mol Genet Metab. 2015;114:594–598. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.02.008.
    1. Potegal M, Yund B, Rudser K, Ahmed A, Delaney K, Nestrasil I, et al. Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIA presents as a variant of Klüver–Bucy syndrome. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2013;35:608–616. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2013.804035.
    1. Mahon LV, Lomax M, Grant S, Cross E, Hare DJ, Wraith JE, et al. Assessment of sleep in children with mucopolysaccharidosis type III. PLoS One. 2014;9:e84128. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084128.
    1. Mumford RA, Mahon LV, Jones S, Bigger B, Canal M, Hare DJ. Actigraphic investigation of circadian rhythm functioning and activity levels in children with mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo syndrome) J Neurodev Disord. 2015;7:31. doi: 10.1186/s11689-015-9126-5.
    1. Guerrero JM, Pozo D, Diaz-Rodriguez JL, Martinez-Cruz F, Vela-Campos F. Impairment of the melatonin rhythm in children with Sanfilippo syndrome. J Pineal Res. 2006;40:192–193. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2005.00294.x.
    1. Brands MM, Gungor D, van den Hout JM, Karstens FP, Oussoren E, Plug I, et al. Pain: a prevalent feature in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis. Results of a cross-sectional national survey. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2015;38:323–331. doi: 10.1007/s10545-014-9737-0.
    1. Nidiffer FD, Kelly TE. Developmental and degenerative patterns associated with cognitive, behavioural and motor difficulties in the Sanfilippo syndrome: an epidemiological study. J Ment Defic Res. 1983;27(Pt 3):185–203.
    1. Grant S, Cross E, Wraith JE, Jones S, Mahon L, Lomax M, et al. Parental social support, coping strategies, resilience factors, stress, anxiety and depression levels in parents of children with MPS III (Sanfilippo syndrome) or children with intellectual disabilities (ID) J Inherit Metab Dis. 2013;36:281–291. doi: 10.1007/s10545-012-9558-y.
    1. Delgadillo V, O'Callaghan Mdel M, Artuch R, Montero R, Pineda M. Genistein supplementation in patients affected by Sanfilippo disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2011;34:1039–1044. doi: 10.1007/s10545-011-9342-4.
    1. Kalkan Ucar S, Ozbaran B, Demiral N, Yuncu Z, Erermis S, Coker M. Clinical overview of children with mucopolysaccharidosis type III A and effect of Risperidone treatment on children and their mothers psychological status. Brain Dev. 2010;32:156–161. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.12.010.
    1. Cox TM. Biomarkers in lysosomal storage diseases. In: Mehta A, Beck M, Sunder-Plassmann G, editors. Fabry Disease: Perspectives from 5 Years of FOS. Oxford: Oxford PharmaGenesis; 2006.
    1. Zhang H, Young SP, Auray-Blais C, Orchard PJ, Tolar J, Millington DS. Analysis of glycosaminoglycans in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with mucopolysaccharidoses by isotope-dilution ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2011;57:1005–1012. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.161141.
    1. Naimy H, Powell KD, Moriarity JR, Wu J, McCauley TG, Haslett PA, et al. A novel LC-MS/MS assay for heparan sulfate screening in the cerebrospinal fluid of mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA patients. Bioanalysis. 2016;8:285–295. doi: 10.4155/bio.15.243.
    1. Lawrence R, Brown JR, Lorey F, Dickson PI, Crawford BE, Esko JD. Glycan-based biomarkers for mucopolysaccharidoses. Mol Genet Metab. 2014;111:73–83. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.07.016.
    1. Zhang H, Wood T, Young SP, Millington DS. A straightforward, quantitative ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate in urine: an improved clinical screening test for the mucopolysaccharidoses. Mol Genet Metab. 2015;114:123–128. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.09.009.
    1. de Ru MH, van der Tol L, van Vlies N, Bigger BW, Hollak CE, Ijlst L, et al. Plasma and urinary levels of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate derived disaccharides after long-term enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in MPS I: correlation with the timing of ERT and with total urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2013;36:247–255. doi: 10.1007/s10545-012-9538-2.
    1. Marshall NR, Hassiotis S, King B, Rozaklis T, Trim PJ, Duplock SK, et al. Delivery of therapeutic protein for prevention of neurodegenerative changes: comparison of different CSF-delivery methods. Exp Neurol. 2015;263:79–90. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.008.
    1. Randall DR, Sinclair GB, Colobong KE, Hetty E, Clarke LA. Heparin cofactor II-thrombin complex in MPS I: a biomarker of MPS disease. Mol Genet Metab. 2006;88:235–243. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.01.005.
    1. Langford-Smith K, Arasaradnam M, Wraith JE, Wynn R, Bigger BW. Evaluation of heparin cofactor II-thrombin complex as a biomarker on blood spots from mucopolysaccharidosis I, IIIA and IIIB mice. Mol Genet Metab. 2010;99:269–274. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.10.175.
    1. Langford-Smith KJ, Mercer J, Petty J, Tylee K, Church H, Roberts J, et al. Heparin cofactor II-thrombin complex and dermatan sulphate: chondroitin sulphate ratio are biomarkers of short- and long-term treatment effects in mucopolysaccharide diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2011;34:499–508. doi: 10.1007/s10545-010-9254-8.
    1. Biffi A, Montini E, Lorioli L, Cesani M, Fumagalli F, Plati T, et al. Lentiviral hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy benefits metachromatic leukodystrophy. Science. 2013;341:1233158. doi: 10.1126/science.1233158.
    1. Wynn RF, Wraith JE, Mercer J, O'Meara A, Tylee K, Thornley M, et al. Improved metabolic correction in patients with lysosomal storage disease treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplant compared with enzyme replacement therapy. J Pediatr. 2009;154:609–611. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.11.005.
    1. Pal AR, Langereis EJ, Saif MA, Mercer J, Church HJ, Tylee KL, et al. Sleep disordered breathing in mucopolysaccharidosis I: a multivariate analysis of patient, therapeutic and metabolic correlators modifying long term clinical outcome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:42. doi: 10.1186/s13023-015-0255-4.
    1. Zafeiriou DI, Savvopoulou-Augoustidou PA, Sewell A, Papadopoulou F, Badouraki M, Vargiami E, et al. Serial magnetic resonance imaging findings in mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB (Sanfilippo's syndrome B) Brain Dev. 2001;23:385–389. doi: 10.1016/S0387-7604(01)00242-X.
    1. Shire. Randomized, Controlled, Open-label, Multicenter, Safety and Efficacy Study of rhHNS Administration Via an IDDD in Pediatric Patients With Early Stage MPS IIIA Disease. In: ClinicalTrialsgov [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 - [cited 2016 Oct 19]. Available from: . NLM identifier: NCT02060526.
    1. Jones SA, Rojas-Caro S, Quinn AG, Friedman M, Marulkar S, Ezgu F, et al. Survival in infants treated with sebelipase Alfa for lysosomal acid lipase deficiency: an open-label, multicenter, dose-escalation study. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2017;12:25. doi: 10.1186/s13023-017-0587-3.
    1. Kishnani PS, Corzo D, Nicolino M, Byrne B, Mandel H, Hwu WL, et al. Recombinant human acid [alpha]-glucosidase: major clinical benefits in infantile-onset Pompe disease. Neurology. 2007;68:99–109. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000251268.41188.04.
    1. Aldenhoven M, Wynn RF, Orchard PJ, O'Meara A, Veys P, Fischer A, et al. Long-term outcome of Hurler syndrome patients after hematopoietic cell transplantation: an international multicenter study. Blood. 2015;125:2164–72.
    1. Hassiotis S, Beard H, Luck A, Trim PJ, King B, Snel MF, et al. Disease stage determines the efficacy of treatment of a paediatric neurodegenerative disease. Eur J Neurosci. 2014;39:2139–50.
    1. Prinsen CA, Vohra S, Rose MR, King-Jones S, Ishaque S, Bhaloo Z, et al. Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative: protocol for an international Delphi study to achieve consensus on how to select outcome measurement instruments for outcomes included in a ‘core outcome set’. Trials. 2014;15:247.
    1. Guffon N, Bin-Dorel S, Decullier E, Paillet C, Guitton J, Fouilhoux A. Evaluation of miglustat treatment in patients with type III mucopolysaccharidosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Pediatr. 2011;159:838–844.e831. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.04.040.
    1. Shire. Extension of Study HGT-SAN-055 Evaluating Administration of rhHNS in Patients With Sanfilippo Syndrome Type A (MPS IIIA). In: ClinicalTrialsgov [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine (US. 2000 - [cited 2016 Oct 20]. Available from: . NLM identifier: NCT01299727.
    1. Pharmaceuticals A. A Open Label Study in Previously Studied, SBC-103 Treatment Naïve MPS IIIB Subjects to Investigate the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics/Efficacy of SBC-103 Administered Intravenously (CL01-T). In: ClinicaTrialgov [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 - [cited 2016 Oct 20]. Available from: NLM identifier: NCT02618512.
    1. BioMarin Pharmaceutical. A Treatment Study of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIB (MPS IIIB). In: ClinicalTrialsgov [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 - [cited 2016 Oct 20]. Available from: . NLM identifier: NCT02754076.
    1. Cross EM, Grant S, Jones S, Bigger BW, Wraith JE, Mahon LV, et al. An investigation of the middle and late behavioural phenotypes of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type-III. J Neurodev Disord. 2014;6:46.

Source: PubMed

3
Prenumerera