Smart Vest for Respiratory Rate Monitoring of COPD Patients Based on Non-Contact Capacitive Sensing

David Naranjo-Hernández, Alejandro Talaminos-Barroso, Javier Reina-Tosina, Laura M Roa, Gerardo Barbarov-Rostan, Pilar Cejudo-Ramos, Eduardo Márquez-Martín, Francisco Ortega-Ruiz, David Naranjo-Hernández, Alejandro Talaminos-Barroso, Javier Reina-Tosina, Laura M Roa, Gerardo Barbarov-Rostan, Pilar Cejudo-Ramos, Eduardo Márquez-Martín, Francisco Ortega-Ruiz

Abstract

In this paper, a first approach to the design of a portable device for non-contact monitoring of respiratory rate by capacitive sensing is presented. The sensing system is integrated into a smart vest for an untethered, low-cost and comfortable breathing monitoring of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients during the rest period between respiratory rehabilitation exercises at home. To provide an extensible solution to the remote monitoring using this sensor and other devices, the design and preliminary development of an e-Health platform based on the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) paradigm is also presented. In order to validate the proposed solution, two quasi-experimental studies have been developed, comparing the estimations with respect to the golden standard. In a first study with healthy subjects, the mean value of the respiratory rate error, the standard deviation of the error and the correlation coefficient were 0.01 breaths per minute (bpm), 0.97 bpm and 0.995 (p < 0.00001), respectively. In a second study with COPD patients, the values were &minus;0.14 bpm, 0.28 bpm and 0.9988 (p < 0.0000001), respectively. The results for the rest period show the technical and functional feasibility of the prototype and serve as a preliminary validation of the device for respiratory rate monitoring of patients with COPD.

Keywords: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); Internet of Medical Things (IoMT); capacitive sensing; respiratory rate; respiratory rehabilitation.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; nor in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Diagram of the proposed IoMT platform.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Smart vest: (a) design, (b) prototype implementation, (c) electrode system, (d) signal conditioning stage, (e) processing unit.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Generic operation scheme of the MQTT protocol.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Inspiration time in one of the experiments with healthy subjects.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Expiration time in one of the experiments with healthy subjects.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Respiratory rate in one of the experiments with healthy subjects.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Example of oscillation frequency fO variation in one of the experiments with healthy subjects.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Measurement correlation graph in the study with COPD patients.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Bland–Altman diagram of the capacitive device measurements with respect to the reference in the study with COPD patients.

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