Randomized Cross Over Study Assessing the Efficacy of Non-invasive Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis Resistant to Biotherapies: The ESNV-SPA Study Protocol

Eric Azabou, Guillaume Bao, Félicie Costantino, Madalina Jacota, Chanez Lazizi, Lionelle Nkam, Martin Rottman, Anne-Laure Roux, Sylvain Chevallier, Lamiae Grimaldi, Maxime Breban, Eric Azabou, Guillaume Bao, Félicie Costantino, Madalina Jacota, Chanez Lazizi, Lionelle Nkam, Martin Rottman, Anne-Laure Roux, Sylvain Chevallier, Lamiae Grimaldi, Maxime Breban

Abstract

Axial spondyloarthritis (SpA), is a major cause of chronic pain and disability that profoundly alters the quality of life of patients. Nearly half of patients with SpA usually develop drug resistance. Non-pharmacological treatments targeting inflammation are an attractive alternative to drug administration. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), by promoting a cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex holds promise for treating inflammatory disease. Inflammatory reflex signaling, which is enhanced by electrically stimulating the vagus nerve, significantly reduces cytokine production and attenuates disease severity in animal models of endotoxemia, sepsis, colitis, and other preclinical models of inflammatory diseases. It has been proposed that vagal efferent fibers release acetylcholine (Ach), which can interact with α7-subunit-containing nicotinic receptors expressed by tissue macrophages and other immune cells to rapidly inhibit the synthesis/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18. External vagal nerve stimulation devices are now available that do not require surgery nor implantation to non-invasively stimulate the vagal nerve. This double-blind randomized cross-over clinical trial aims to study the change in SpA disease activity, according to Assessment in Ankylosing Spondylitis 20 (ASAS20) definition, after 12 weeks of non-invasive VNS treatment vs. non-specific dummy stimulation (control group). One hundred and twenty adult patients with drug resistant SpA, meeting the ASAS classification criteria, will be included in the study. Patients will be randomized into two parallel groups according to a cross over design: either active VNS for 12 weeks, then dummy stimulation for 12 weeks, or dummy stimulation for 12 weeks, then active VNS for 12 weeks. The two stimulation periods will be separated by a 4 weeks wash-out period. A transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulator Tens Eco Plus SCHWA MEDICOTM France will be used in this study. The active VNS stimulation will be applied in the cymba conchae of the left ear upon the auricular branch of the vagus nerve, using low intensity (2-5 mA), once à week, during 1 h. Dummy stimulation will be performed under the same conditions and parameters as active VNS stimulation, but at an irrelevant anatomical site: the left ear lobule. This multicenter study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04286373.

Keywords: axial spondyloarthritis; medical device; neuromodulation; protocol; trial; vagus nerve.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Azabou, Bao, Costantino, Jacota, Lazizi, Nkam, Rottman, Roux, Chevallier, Grimaldi and Breban.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Chronogram of the ESNV-SPA study. Patients randomized in group A will receive active VNS stimulation once a week for 12 weeks starting from the first week after inclusion: Treatment period 1 (TP-1), followed by dummy stimulation for 12 weeks: Treatment period 2 (TP-2). Patients randomized to group B will receive the reverse sequence: weekly dummy stimulation for 12 weeks as TP-1, followed by 12 weeks of active VNS as TP-2. The two stimulation periods will be separated by a 4-weeks wash-out period.

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