Obesity prevention practices in early care and education settings: an adaptive implementation trial

Taren Swindle, Julie M Rutledge, James P Selig, Jacob Painter, Dong Zhang, Janna Martin, Susan L Johnson, Leanne Whiteside-Mansell, Daniel Almirall, Tracey Barnett-McElwee, Geoff M Curran, Taren Swindle, Julie M Rutledge, James P Selig, Jacob Painter, Dong Zhang, Janna Martin, Susan L Johnson, Leanne Whiteside-Mansell, Daniel Almirall, Tracey Barnett-McElwee, Geoff M Curran

Abstract

Background: Despite the potential for Early Care and Education (ECE) settings to promote healthy habits, a gap exists between current practices and evidence-based practices (EBPs) for obesity prevention in childhood.

Methods: We will use an enhanced non-responder trial design to determine the effectiveness and incremental cost-effectiveness of an adaptive implementation strategy for Together, We Inspire Smart Eating (WISE), while examining moderators and mediators of the strategy effect. WISE is a curriculum that aims to increase children's intake of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables through four evidence-based practices in the early care and education setting. In this trial, we will randomize sites that do not respond to low-intensity strategies to either (a) continue receiving low-intensity strategies or (b) receive high-intensity strategies. This design will determine the effect of an adaptive implementation strategy that adds high-intensity versus one that continues with low-intensity among non-responder sites. We will also apply explanatory, sequential mixed methods to provide a nuanced understanding of implementation mechanisms, contextual factors, and characteristics of sites that respond to differing intensities of implementation strategies. Finally, we will conduct a cost effectiveness analysis to estimate the incremental effect of augmenting implementation with high-intensity strategies compared to continuing low-intensity strategies on costs, fidelity, and child health outcomes.

Discussion: We expect our study to contribute to an evidence base for structuring implementation support in real-world ECE contexts, ultimately providing a guide for applying the adaptive implementation strategy in ECE for WISE scale-up. Our work will also provide data to guide implementation decisions of other interventions in ECE. Finally, we will provide the first estimate of relative value for different implementation strategies in this setting.

Trial registration: NCT05050539 ; 9/20/21.

Keywords: Child nutrition sciences; Childcare; Early care and education; Early intervention; Implementation science; Obesity.

Conflict of interest statement

Dr. Leanne Whiteside-Mansell, Dr. Taren Swindle, and UAMS have a financial interest in the technology (WISE) discussed in this presentation/publication. These financial interests have been reviewed and approved in accordance with the UAMS conflict of interest.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Cluster-randomized enhanced non-responder trial
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Conceptual model of proposed moderators & mediators

References

    1. Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K. Body fatness and cancer — viewpoint of the IARC working group. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(8):794–798. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsr1606602.
    1. Whiteman DC, Wilson LF. The fractions of cancer attributable to modifiable factors: a global review. Cancer Epidemiol. 2016;44:203–221. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2016.06.013.
    1. Mennella JA. Ontogeny of taste preferences: basic biology and implications for health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(3):704S–711S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.067694.
    1. Simmonds M, Llewellyn A, Owen CG, Woolacott N. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2016;17(2):95–107. doi: 10.1111/obr.12334.
    1. Centers for Disease Control. Progress on childhood obesity. CDC Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Vital Signs. Published online August 2013. .
    1. America CCA of. About child care. Child Care Aware of America. Published 2019. .
    1. Child Care Aware of America. Checking in: a snapshot of the child care landscape. 2017. . Accessed 8 May 2018.
    1. Larson N, Ward DS, Neelon SB, Story M. What role can child-care settings play in obesity prevention? A review of the evidence and call for research efforts. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(9):1343–1362. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.06.007.
    1. World Cancer Research Fund International. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and cancer: a global perspective. 2018. .
    1. Whiteside-Mansell L, Swindle TM. Together we inspire smart eating: a preschool curriculum for obesity prevention in low-income families. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2017;49(9):789–792.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2017.05.345.
    1. Whiteside-Mansell L, Swindle T, Selig JP. Together, We Inspire Smart Eating (WISE): an examination of implementation of a WISE curriculum for obesity prevention in children 3 to 7 years. Glob Pediatr Health. 2019;6:2333794X19869811.
    1. SNAP-Ed Toolkit. Together, we inspire smart eating (WISE). Obesity prevention interventions and evaluation framework. Published 2019. . Accessed 24 Mar 2020.
    1. Mustonen S, Rantanen R, Tuorila H. Effect of sensory education on school children’s food perception: a 2-year follow-up study. Food Qual Prefer. 2009;20(3):230–240. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2008.10.003.
    1. Anzman-Frasca S, Savage JS, Marini ME, Fisher JO, Birch LL. Repeated exposure and associative conditioning promote preschool children’s liking of vegetables. Appetite. 2012;58(2):543–553. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.012.
    1. Reverdy C, Chesnel F, Schlich P, Köster EP, Lange C. Effect of sensory education on willingness to taste novel food in children. Appetite. 2008;51(1):156–165. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.01.010.
    1. Knai C, Pomerleau J, Lock K, McKee M. Getting children to eat more fruit and vegetables: a systematic review. Prev Med (Baltim) 2006;42(2):85–95. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.11.012.
    1. Wardle J, Herrera M-L, Cooke L, Gibson EL. Modifying children’s food preferences: the effects of exposure and reward on acceptance of an unfamiliar vegetable. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(2):341–348. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601541.
    1. Wardle J, Chida Y, Gibson EL, Whitaker KL, Steptoe A. Stress and adiposity: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Obesity. 2011;19(4):771–778. doi: 10.1038/oby.2010.241.
    1. Schindler JM, Corbett D, Forestell CA. Assessing the effect of food exposure on children’s identification and acceptance of fruit and vegetables. Eat Behav. 2013;14(1):53–56. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.10.013.
    1. Hendy HM, Raudenbush B. Effectiveness of teacher modeling to encourage food acceptance in preschool children. Appetite. 2000;34(1):61–76. doi: 10.1006/appe.1999.0286.
    1. Hendy HM. Comparison of five teacher actions to encourage children’s new food acceptance. Ann Behav Med. 1999;21(1):20–26. doi: 10.1007/BF02895029.
    1. Gibson EL, Kreichauf S, Wildgruber A, et al. A narrative review of psychological and educational strategies applied to young children’s eating behaviours aimed at reducing obesity risk. Obes Rev. 2012;13(Suppl 1):85–95. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00939.x.
    1. Galloway AT, Fiorito LM, Francis LA, Birch LL. “Finish your soup”: counterproductive effects of pressuring children to eat on intake and affect. Appetite. 2006;46(3):318–323. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2006.01.019.
    1. Birch LL, McPheee L, Shoba B, Steinberg L, Krehbiel R. “Clean up your plate”: effects of child feeding practices on the conditioning of meal size. Learn Motiv. 1987;18(3):301–317. doi: 10.1016/0023-9690(87)90017-8.
    1. Borzekowski D, Robinson T. The 30-second effect: an experiment revealing the impact of television commercials on food preferences of preschoolers. J Am Diet. Published online 2001. . Accessed 21 Oct 2016.
    1. Boyland E, Harrold J, Kirkham T, Halford J. Persuasive techniques used in television advertisements to market foods to UK children. Appetite. 2012;58(2):658–664. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.017.
    1. Kraak V, Story M. Influence of food companies’ brand mascots and entertainment companies’ cartoon media characters on children’s diet and health: a systematic review and. Obes Rev. Published online 2015. . Accessed 21 Oct 2016.
    1. Keller K, Kuilema L, Lee N, Yoon J, Mascaro B. The impact of food branding on children’s eating behavior and obesity. Physiol. Published online 2012. . Accessed 21 Oct 2016.
    1. Roberto C, Baik J, Harris J, Brownell K. Influence of licensed characters on children’s taste and snack preferences. Pediatrics. Published online 2010. . Accessed 21 Oct 2016.
    1. Weber K, Story M, Harnack L. Internet food marketing strategies aimed at children and adolescents: a content analysis of food and beverage brand web sites. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(9):1463–1466. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2006.06.014.
    1. Benjamin-Neelon SE. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: benchmarks for nutrition in child care. J Acad Nutr Diet. Published online 2018. 10.1016/j.jand.2018.05.001.
    1. Whiteside-Mansell L, Swindle TM. Evaluation of together we inspire smart eating: pre-school fruit and vegetable consumption. Health Educ Res. 2019;34(1):62–71. doi: 10.1093/her/cyy048.
    1. Whiteside-Mansell L, Swindle T, Davenport K. Evaluation of “Together, We Inspire Smart Eating”(WISE) nutrition intervention for young children: assessment of fruit and vegetable consumption with parent reports and measurements of skin carotenoids as biomarkers. J Hunger Environ Nutr. 2021;16(2):235–245. doi: 10.1080/19320248.2019.1652127.
    1. Rutledge, J. M., Swindle, T., McBride, N., Selig, J. P., Percle, P. M., & Whiteside-Mansell L. Home-based health outcomes of a childcare-based nutrition intervention: pester power examined. In: International society of behavioral nutrition and physical activity. 2019.
    1. Swindle T, Johnson SL, Whiteside-Mansell L, Curran GM. A mixed methods protocol for developing and testing implementation strategies for evidence-based obesity prevention in childcare: a cluster randomized hybrid type III trial. Implement Sci. 2017;12(1):90. doi: 10.1186/s13012-017-0624-6.
    1. Benjamin SE, Ammerman A, Sommers J, Dodds J, Neelon B, Ward DS. Nutrition and physical activity self-assessment for child care (NAP SACC): results from a pilot intervention. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2007;39(3):142–149. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2006.08.027.
    1. Wolfenden L, Jones J, Williams C. Strategies to improve the implementation of healthy eating, physical activity and obesity prevention policies, practices or programmes within childcare services. Cochrane. Published online 2016. . Accessed 7 Aug 2017.
    1. Byrd-Williams CE, Dooley EE, Thi CA, Browning C, Hoelscher DM. Physical activity, screen time, and outdoor learning environment practices and policy implementation: a cross sectional study of Texas child care centers. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6588-5.
    1. Swindle T, McBride NM, Selig JP, et al. Stakeholder selected strategies for obesity prevention in childcare: results from a small-scale cluster randomized hybrid type III trial. Implement Sci. 2021;16(1):1–19. doi: 10.1186/S13012-021-01119-X.
    1. Shumba E, Nzombe P, Mbinda A, et al. Weighing the costs: implementing the SLMTA programme in Zimbabwe using internal versus external facilitators. Afr J Lab Med. 2014;3(2). 10.4102/ajlm.v3i2.248.
    1. Damschroder LJ. Clarity out of chaos: use of theory in implementation research. Psychiatry Res. Published online June 23, 2019. 10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2019.06.036.
    1. Harvey G, Kitson A. Facilitation as the active ingredient. In: Implementing evidence-based practice in healthcare: a facilitation guide. Routledge; 2015. p. 169–184. 10.4324/9780203557334-11.
    1. Ullrich PM, Sahay A, Stetler CB. Use of implementation theory: a focus on PARIHS. 2000. . Accessed 27 June 2019.
    1. Helfrich CD, Damschroder LJ, Hagedorn HJ, et al. A critical synthesis of literature on the promoting action on research implementation in health services (PARIHS) framework. Implement Sci. 2010;5(1):82. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-5-82.
    1. Harvey G, Loftus-Hills A, Rycroft-Malone J, et al. Getting evidence into practice: the role and function of facilitation. J Adv Nurs. Published online 2002. 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02126.x.
    1. Baskerville NB, Liddy C, Hogg W. Systematic review and meta-analysis of practice facilitation within primary care settings. Ann Fam Med. Published online 2012. 10.1370/afm.1312.
    1. Culler SD, Parchman ML, Lozano-Romero R, et al. Cost estimates for operating a primary care practice facilitation program. Ann Fam Med. Published online 2013. 10.1370/afm.1496.
    1. Almirall D, Nahum-Shani I, Wang L, Kasari C. Experimental designs for research on adaptive interventions: singly and sequentially randomized trials. In: Collins LM, Kugler KC, editors. Optimization of behavioral, biobehavioral, and biomedical interventions. Springer; 2018.
    1. Almirall D, Chronis-Tuscano A. Adaptive interventions in child and adolescent mental health. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2016;45(4):383–395. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1152555.
    1. Green CA, Duan N, Gibbons RD, Hoagwood KE, Palinkas LA, Wisdom JP. Approaches to mixed methods dissemination and implementation research: methods, strengths, caveats, and opportunities. Adm Policy Ment Health Ment Health Serv Res. Published online 2014. 10.1007/s10488-014-0552-6.
    1. Creswell JW, Klassen AC, Clark VLP, Smith KC. Best practices for mixed methods research in the health sciences. 2011.
    1. Proctor EK, Powell BJ, Mcmillen JC. Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting. 2013;8:139. . Accessed 5 July 2017.
    1. Shaw EK, Howard J, West DR, et al. The role of the champion in primary care change efforts: from the state networks of Colorado ambulatory practices and partners (SNOCAP) J Am Board Fam Med. 2012;25(5):676–685. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2012.05.110281.
    1. Kirchner JAE, Parker LE, Bonner LM, Fickel JJ, Yano EM, Ritchie MJ. Roles of managers, frontline staff and local champions, in implementing quality improvement: stakeholders’ perspectives. J Eval Clin Pract. 2012;18(1):63–69. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01518.x.
    1. Perry CK, Damschroder LJ, Hemler JR, Woodson TT, Ono SS, Cohen DJ. Specifying and comparing implementation strategies across seven large implementation interventions: a practical application of theory. Implement Sci. 2019;14(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s13012-019-0876-4.
    1. Kousgaard MB, Siersma V, Reventlow S, Ertmann R, Felding P, Waldorff FB. The effectiveness of computer reminders for improving quality assessment for point-of-care testing in general practice-a randomized controlled trial. Implement Sci. 2013;8(1). 10.1186/1748-5908-8-47.
    1. Sales A, Helfrich C, Ho PM, et al. Implementing electronic clinical reminders for lipid management in patients with ischemic heart disease in the veterans health administration: QUERI series. Implement Sci. 2008;3(1). 10.1186/1748-5908-3-28.
    1. Parchman M, Noel P. A randomized trial of practice facilitation to improve the delivery of chronic illness care in primary care: initial and sustained effects. 2013;8(1):93. Accessed 11 Sept 2017.
    1. Fernandez ME, ten Hoor GA, van Lieshout S, et al. Implementation mapping: using intervention mapping to develop implementation strategies. Front Public Health. 2019;7:158. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00158.
    1. Kitson AL, Rycroft-Malone J, Harvey G, McCormack B, Seers K, Titchen A. Evaluating the successful implementation of evidence into practice using the PARiHS framework: theoretical and practical challenges. Implement Sci. 2008;3(1):1. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-3-1.
    1. Weiner BJ, Lewis CC, Stanick C, et al. Psychometric assessment of three newly developed implementation outcome measures. Implement Sci. 2017;12(1):108. doi: 10.1186/s13012-017-0635-3.
    1. Darvin M, Sterry W, Lademann J, Vergou T. The role of carotenoids in human skin. Molecules. 2011;16(2):1710–1738. . Accessed 24 Oct 2016.
    1. Ermakov IV, Gellermann W. Dermal carotenoid measurements via pressure mediated reflection spectroscopy. J Biophotonics. 2012;5(7):559–570. doi: 10.1002/jbio.201100122.
    1. Meinke M, Darvin M, Vollert H, Lademann. Bioavailability of natural carotenoids in human skin compared to blood. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010;76(2):269–274. . Accessed 24 Oct 2016.
    1. Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Human Kinetics Books; 1988.
    1. McCracken JL, Friedman DB, Brandt HM, et al. Findings from the community health intervention program in South Carolina: implications for reducing cancer-related health disparities. J Cancer Educ. 2013;28(3):412–419. doi: 10.1007/s13187-013-0479-8.
    1. Braun KL, Stewart S, Baquet C, et al. The national cancer institute’s community networks program initiative to reduce cancer health disparities: outcomes and lessons learned. Prog Community Heal Partnerships Res Educ Action. 2015;9:21–32. doi: 10.1353/cpr.2015.0017.
    1. Curran GM, Mukherjee S, Allee E, Owen RR. A process for developing an implementation intervention: QUERI series. Implement Sci. 2008;3(1):17. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-3-17.
    1. Curran GM, Pyne J, Fortney JC, et al. Development and implementation of collaborative care for depression in HIV clinics. AIDS Care. 2011;23(12):1626–1636. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2011.579943.
    1. Fortney J, Enderle M, McDougall S, et al. Implementation outcomes of evidence-based quality improvement for depression in VA community based outpatient clinics. Implement Sci. 2012;7(1):30. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-7-30.
    1. Rubenstein L, Stockdale S, Sapir N, Altman L. A patient-centered primary care practice approach using evidence-based quality improvement: rationale, methods, and early assessment of implementation. J Gen. Published online 2014. . Accessed 21 Oct 2016.
    1. Rubenstein LV, Parker LE, Meredith LS, et al. Understanding team-based quality improvement for depression in primary care. Health Serv Res. 2002;37(4):1009–1029. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.63.x.
    1. Smith JL, Williams JW, Owen RR, Rubenstein LV, Chaney E. Developing a national dissemination plan for collaborative care for depression: QUERI series. Implement Sci. 2008;3(1):59. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-3-59.
    1. Mendel P, Meredith LS, Schoenbaum M, Sherbourne CD, Wells KB. Interventions in organizational and community context: a framework for building evidence on dissemination and implementation in health services research. Adm Policy Ment Health Ment Health Serv Res. 2008;35(1–2):21–37. doi: 10.1007/s10488-007-0144-9.
    1. Holt CL, Chambers DA. Opportunities and challenges in conducting community-engaged dissemination/implementation research. Transl Behav Med. Published online September 7, 2017:1–4. 10.1007/s13142-017-0520-2.
    1. Food and Research Action Center. Child & adult care food program: participation trends 2018. 2019. . Accessed 12 Aug 2020.
    1. United States Department of Agriculutre. Child Day Care Centers | USDA-FNS. . Accessed 11 Aug 2020.
    1. Elicker J, Ruprecht K. Child Care Quality Rating and Improvement Systems (QRIS). In: The Wiley handbook of early childhood care and education. Wiley; 2019. p. 515–536. 10.1002/9781119148104.ch23.
    1. Scott NW, McPherson GC, Ramsay CR, Campbell MK. The method of minimization for allocation to clinical trials: a review. Control Clin Trials. Published online 2002. 10.1016/S0197-2456(02)00242-8.
    1. Taves DR. Minimization: a new method of assigning patients to treatment and control groups. Clin Pharmacol Ther. Published online 1974. 10.1002/cpt1974155443.
    1. Proctor E, Silmere H, Raghavan R, et al. Outcomes for implementation research: conceptual distinctions, measurement challenges, and research agenda. Adm Policy Ment Health Ment Health Serv Res. 2011;38(2):65–76. doi: 10.1007/s10488-010-0319-7.
    1. Swindle T, Selig J, Rutledge J, Whiteside-Mansell L, Curran G. Fidelity monitoring in complex interventions: a case study of the WISE intervention. Arch Public Health.
    1. Scarmo S, Henebery K, Peracchio H, et al. Skin carotenoid status measured by resonance Raman spectroscopy as a biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake in preschool children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(5):555–560. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.31.
    1. Johnson SL, Ryan SM, Kroehl M, Moding KJ, Boles RE, Bellows LL. A longitudinal intervention to improve young children’s liking and consumption of new foods: findings from the Colorado LEAP study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16(1). 10.1186/s12966-019-0808-3.
    1. Blume-Peytavi U, Rolland A, Darvin ME, et al. Cutaneous lycopene and β-carotene levels measured by resonance Raman spectroscopy: high reliability and sensitivity to oral lactolycopene deprivation and supplementation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2009;73(1):187–194. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.04.017.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC growth charts: United States; length-for-age percentiles: boys, birth to 36 months. 2000.
    1. Ritchie, M. J., Dollar, K. M., Miller, C. J., Oliver, K. A., Smith, J. L., Lindsay, J. A., & Kirchner JE. Using implementation facilitation to improve care in the veterans health administration (version 2). Veterans Health Administration, Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI) for Team-Based Behavioral Health; 2017. .
    1. Smith JL, Ritchie MJ, Kim B, et al. Scoping review to identify the Spectrum of activities applied in implementation facilitation strategies. In: 2nd international conference on practice facilitation. 2018.
    1. Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)-a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–381. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010.
    1. Jakobsen JC, Gluud C, Wetterslev J, Winkel P. When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials - a practical guide with flowcharts. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017;17(1):162. doi: 10.1186/s12874-017-0442-1.
    1. Snijders TAB, Bosker RJ. MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. Published online 1999. . Accessed 5 May 2017.
    1. Spybrook J, Raudenbush SW, Liu X-F, Congdon R, Martínez A. Optimal design for longitudinal and multilevel research: documentation for the " optimal design " software. 2008. . Accessed 12 Mar 2018.
    1. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. L. Erlbaum Associates; 1988. . Accessed 24 May 2018.
    1. Papakostas GI, Fava M. Predictors, moderators, and mediators (Correlates) of treatment outcome in major depressive disorder. 2008. . Accessed 26 Oct 2020.
    1. Almirall D, Mccaffrey DF, Ramchand R, Corporation R, Murphy SA, Author PS. Subgroups analysis when treatment and moderators are time-varying NIH public access author manuscript. Prev Sci. 2013;14(2):169–178. doi: 10.1007/s11121-011-0208-7.
    1. Rucker DD, Preacher KJ, Tormala ZL, Petty RE. Mediation analysis in social psychology: current practices and new recommendations. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2011;5(6):359–371. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00355.x.
    1. Memon MA, Cheah J, Ramayah T, Ting H, Chuah F. Mediation analysis: issues and recommendations. J Appl Struct Equ Model 2018;2(1):1–9. . Accessed 11 July 2019.
    1. Fedak KM, Bernal A, Capshaw ZA, Gross S. Applying the Bradford Hill criteria in the 21st century: how data integration has changed causal inference in molecular epidemiology. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2015;12(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s12982-015-0037-4.
    1. Helfrich C, Li Y, Sharp N, Sales A. Organizational readiness to change assessment (ORCA): development of an instrument based on the Promoting Action on Research in Health Services (PARIHS) framework. Implement Sci 2009;4:38. . Accessed 24 Oct 2016.
    1. Berta W, Cranley L, Dearing JW, Dogherty EJ, Squires JE, Estabrooks CA. Why (we think) facilitation works: insights from organizational learning theory. Implement Sci. 2015;10(1):141. doi: 10.1186/s13012-015-0323-0.
    1. Aarons GA, Ehrhart MG, Farahnak LR. The implementation leadership scale (ILS): development of a brief measure of unit level implementation leadership. Implement Sci. 2014;9(1):45. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-9-45.
    1. Lewis CC, Klasnja P, Powell BJ, et al. From classification to causality: advancing understanding of mechanisms of change in implementation science. Front Public Health. 2018;6:136. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00136.
    1. Ehrhart MG, Aarons GA, Farahnak LR. Assessing the organizational context for EBP implementation: the development and validity testing of the Implementation Climate Scale (ICS) Implement Sci. 2014;9(1):157. doi: 10.1186/s13012-014-0157-1.
    1. Lyon AR, Cook CR, Brown EC, et al. Assessing organizational implementation context in the education sector: confirmatory factor analysis of measures of implementation leadership, climate, and citizenship. Implement Sci. Published online 2018. 10.1186/s13012-017-0705-6.
    1. Swindle T, Johnson SL, Davenport K, et al. A mixed-methods exploration of barriers and facilitators to evidence-based practices for obesity prevention in head start. J Nutr Educ Behav. Published online 2019. 10.1016/j.jneb.2019.06.019.
    1. Preacher KJ, Zyphur MJ, Zhang Z. A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychol Methods. Published online 2010. 10.1037/a0020141.
    1. Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav Res Methods. 2008;40(3):879–891. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
    1. Preacher KJ, Selig JP. Advantages of Monte Carlo confidence intervals for indirect effects. Commun Methods Meas. 2012;6(2):77–98. doi: 10.1080/19312458.2012.679848.
    1. MacKinnon DP, Fairchild AJ, Fritz MS. Mediation analysis. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58(1):593–614. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542.
    1. Selig JP, Preacher KJ. Mediation models for longitudinal data in developmental research. Res Hum Dev. Published online 2009. 10.1080/15427600902911247.
    1. Fritz MS, MacKinnon DP. Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychol Sci. Published online 2007. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x.
    1. Krueger R, Casey M. Focus groups: a practical guide for applied research - Richard A. Krueger, Mary Anne Casey - Google Books. Sage Publications; 2014. Accessed 28 May 2018.
    1. Hsieh H-F, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15(9):1277–1288. doi: 10.1177/1049732305276687.
    1. Crabtree B, Miller W. A template approach to text analysis: developing and using codebooks. In: Crabtree B, Miller L, eds. Doing qualitative research. 3rd ed. SAGE Publications; 1992. . Accessed 23 Oct 2020.
    1. Fereday J, Muir-Cochrane E. Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: a hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. Int J Qual Methods. 2006;5(1):80–92. doi: 10.1177/160940690600500107.
    1. Fleiss J. The measurement of interrater agreement. Stat methods rates proportions. Published online 1981.
    1. Syed M, Nelson SC. Guidelines for establishing reliability when coding narrative data. Emerg Adulthood. Published online 2015:1–13. 10.1177/2167696815587648.
    1. Ritchie MJ, Liu CF, Townsend JC, Pitcock J, Kirchner JE. Time and cost of “extreme” implementation facilitation to address challenging contexts. In: Soceity for Implementation Research Collaborative. 2017.
    1. Hoomans T, Severens JL. Economic evaluation of implementation strategies in health care. Implement Sci. 2014;9(1):168. doi: 10.1186/s13012-014-0168-y.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Leading cancer cases and deaths, male and female, 2016. United States Cancer Statistics: Data Visualizations. Published 2016. .
    1. Hassink SG. Early child care and education: a key component of obesity prevention in infancy. Pediatrics. Published online 2017. 10.1542/peds.2017-2846.
    1. Flynn MAT, McNeil DA, Maloff B, et al. Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: a synthesis of evidence with “best practice” recommendations. Obes Rev. 2006;7(s1):7–66. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00242.x.
    1. Jones A. Race, socioeconomic status, and health during childhood: a longitudinal examination of racial/ethnic differences in parental socioeconomic timing and child obesity risk. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(4):728. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15040728.
    1. Roberts SLE, Healey A, Sevdalis N. Use of health economic evaluation in the implementation and improvement science fields—a systematic literature review. Implement Sci. 2019;14(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s13012-019-0901-7.
    1. Johnson AM, Moore JE, Chambers DA, Rup J, Dinyarian C, Straus SE. How do researchers conceptualize and plan for the sustainability of their NIH R01 implementation projects? Implement Sci. 2019;14(1):50. doi: 10.1186/s13012-019-0895-1.
    1. Stetler CB, Legro MW, Rycroft-Malone J, et al. Role external facilitation in implementation of research findings: a qualitative evaluation of facilitation experiences in the veterans health administration. Implement Sci. 2006;1(1):23. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-1-23.
    1. Williams NJ. Multilevel mechanisms of implementation strategies in mental health: integrating theory, research, and practice. Adm Policy Ment Health Ment Health Serv Res. 2016;43(5):783–798. doi: 10.1007/s10488-015-0693-2.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer och medarbetare

Medicinska tillstånd

Läkemedelsinterventioner

3
Prenumerera