PEBRA trial - effect of a peer-educator coordinated preference-based ART service delivery model on viral suppression among adolescents and young adults living with HIV: protocol of a cluster-randomized clinical trial in rural Lesotho

Thabo Ishmael Lejone, Mathebe Kopo, Nadine Bachmann, Jennifer Anne Brown, Tracy Renée Glass, Josephine Muhairwe, Tebatso Matsela, Ramona Scherrer, Lebohang Chere, Tilo Namane, Niklaus Daniel Labhardt, Alain Amstutz, Thabo Ishmael Lejone, Mathebe Kopo, Nadine Bachmann, Jennifer Anne Brown, Tracy Renée Glass, Josephine Muhairwe, Tebatso Matsela, Ramona Scherrer, Lebohang Chere, Tilo Namane, Niklaus Daniel Labhardt, Alain Amstutz

Abstract

Background: Despite tremendous progress in controlling the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa, HIV-related mortality continues to increase among adolescents and young people living with HIV (AYPLHIV). Globally, sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 85% of the AYPLHIV. Overall outcomes along the HIV care cascade are worse among AYPLHIV as compared to all other age groups due to various challenges in accessing and adhering to antiretroviral therapy (ART). New, innovative multicomponent packages of differentiated service delivery (DSD) models, are required to address the specific needs of AYPLHIV. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a multicomponent DSD model (PEBRA model) designed for AYPLHIV and coordinated by a peer-educator.

Methods: PEBRA (Peer-Educator Based Refill of ART) is a cluster randomized, open-label, superiority trial conducted at 20 health facilities in three districts of Lesotho, Southern Africa. The clusters (health facilities) are randomly assigned to either the PEBRA model or standard of care in a 1:1 ratio, stratified by district. AYPLHIV aged 15-24 years old in care and on ART at one of the clusters are eligible. In the PEBRA model, a peer-educator coordinates the antiretroviral therapy (ART) services - such as medication pick-up, SMS notifications and support options - according to the preferences of the AYPLHIV. The peer-educator delivers this personalized model using a tablet-based application called PEBRApp. The control clusters continue to offer standard of care: ART services coordinated by the nurse. The primary endpoint is viral suppression at 12 months. Secondary endpoints include self-reported adherence to ART, quality of life, satisfaction with care and engagement in care. The target sample size is 300 AYPLHIV. Statistical analyses are conducted and reported in line with CONSORT guidelines for cluster randomized trials.

Discussion: The PEBRA trial will provide evidence on the feasibility and effectiveness of an inclusive, holistic and preference-based DSD model for AYPLHIV that is coordinated by a peer-educator. Many countries in SSA have an existing peer-educator program. If proven effective, the PEBRA model and PEBRApp have the potential to be scaled up to similar settings.

Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03969030. Registered on 31 May 2019. More information: www.pebra.info.

Keywords: Adolescent; Antiretroviral therapy, differentiated service delivery; HIV; Lesotho, Africa, southern; Peer group; Randomized controlled trial.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
PEBRA intervention versus PEBRA control. Abbreviations: VHW (Village Health Worker), PE (Peer-Educator), CAC (Community Adherence Club), TB (Treatment Buddy), ART (antiretroviral therapy), VL (viral load), FP (Family Planning), VMMC (Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision), GBV (Gender-Based Violence), WORTH (Sentebale Social Asset Building Model). “Pitso” = Village gathering
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
PEBRApp
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
PEBRA trial SPIRIT diagram

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