Anti-malarial effect of gum arabic

Adil Ballal, Diwakar Bobbala, Syed M Qadri, Michael Föller, Daniela Kempe, Omaima Nasir, Amal Saeed, Florian Lang, Adil Ballal, Diwakar Bobbala, Syed M Qadri, Michael Föller, Daniela Kempe, Omaima Nasir, Amal Saeed, Florian Lang

Abstract

Background: Gum Arabic (GA), a nonabsorbable nutrient from the exudate of Acacia senegal, exerts a powerful immunomodulatory effect on dendritic cells, antigen-presenting cells involved in the initiation of both innate and adaptive immunity. On the other hand GA degradation delivers short chain fatty acids, which in turn have been shown to foster the expression of foetal haemoglobin in erythrocytes. Increased levels of erythrocyte foetal haemoglobin are known to impede the intraerythrocytic growth of Plasmodium and thus confer some protection against malaria. The present study tested whether gum arabic may influence the clinical course of malaria.

Methods: Human erythrocytes were in vitro infected with Plasmodium falciparum in the absence and presence of butyrate and mice were in vivo infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA by injecting parasitized murine erythrocytes (1 × 10⁶) intraperitoneally. Half of the mice received gum arabic (10% in drinking water starting 10 days before the day of infection).

Results: According to the in vitro experiments butyrate significantly blunted parasitaemia only at concentrations much higher (3 mM) than those encountered in vivo following GA ingestion (<1 μM). According to the in vivo experiments the administration of gum arabic slightly but significantly decreased the parasitaemia and significantly extended the life span of infected mice.

Discussion: GA moderately influences the parasitaemia and survival of Plasmodium-infected mice. The underlying mechanism remained, however, elusive.

Conclusions: Gum arabic favourably influences the course of murine malaria.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effects of butyrate during in vitro infection of human erythrocytes with P. falciparum. A. In vitro parasitaemia with P. falciparum in human erythrocytes as a function of the butyrate concentration (arithmetic means ± SEM, n = 3 cultures studied in quadruplets). B. Arithmetic means ± SEM (n = 3 cultures studied in quadruplets) of intraerythrocytic DNA amplification as a function of the butyrate concentration C. Arithmetic means ± SEM (n = 3 cultures studied in quadruplets) of the percentage of annexin V-binding infected (open bars) and non-infected (closed bars) erythrocytes following infection of human erythrocytes with P. falciparum in the presence of the indicated concentration of butyrate. *** (p < 0.001) indicate significant difference from absence of butyrate.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of gum arabic treatment on parasitaemia of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. A: Original histograms of parasitaemia-dependent Syto 16 fluorescence in untreated animals (upper panels) and animals treated from 10 days before infection until the day they survived with 10% gum arabic in drinking water (lower panels) 10 (left panels) and 20 (right panels) days after infection with P. berghei. B: Arithmetic means ± SEM of parasitaemia in mice without treatment (open circles, n = 19) or with 10% gum arabic in drinking water (closed circles, n = 17) as a function of days after infection with P. berghei. * (p ≤ 0.05) indicates significant difference from untreated animals.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of gum arabic treatment on phosphatidylserine exposure of infected and noninfected erythrocytes in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. A: Original dot blot of annexin V-binding versus Syto 16 fluorescence in untreated animals (left panel) and animals treated with 10% gum arabic in drinking water (right panel) 19 days after infection with P. berghei. B-D. Arithmetic means ± SEM of the percentage of non-infected (white bars) and infected (black bars) annexin V-binding erythrocytes drawn from mice without (control, left bars) and with (GA, right bars) gum arabic treatment (10% gum arabic in drinking water) 12 (B), 15 (C) and 19 (D) days after infection with P. berghei. * (p ≤ 0.05) indicates significant difference from absence of gum arabic, ### (p < 0.001) indicate significant difference from noninfected erythrocytes.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of gum arabic treatment on survival of Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Survival of mice without treatment (light line) or with 10% gum arabic in drinking water (dark line) as a function of days after infection with Plasmodium berghei. Gum arabic treatment significantly (p < 0.0001, Kaplan-Meier survival function test) enhances the survival of infected mice.

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