建筑商大学不来梅（幼崽）的健康监视2025 (CUB-HS2025)

Students at Constructor University Bremen being assessed by means of an online questionnaire in 2025

Questionnaires and interviews were primarily used as assessment and introspection tools to collect data on study participants' experiences, perceptions, and behaviors. Their purpose was to facilitate measurement and reflection rather than to deliver an intervention. However, it is acknowledged that participation in questionnaires and interviews may have had unintended interventional effects. Specifically, the process of answering questions and reflecting on personal experiences can increase participants' self-awareness, prompt critical reflection, and potentially influence subsequent attitudes or behaviors.

• assessments
• introspection

Students at germany wide being assessed by means of an online questionnaire or qualitative interviews in 2026

Questionnaires and interviews were primarily used as assessment and introspection tools to collect data on study participants' experiences, perceptions, and behaviors. Their purpose was to facilitate measurement and reflection rather than to deliver an intervention. However, it is acknowledged that participation in questionnaires and interviews may have had unintended interventional effects. Specifically, the process of answering questions and reflecting on personal experiences can increase participants' self-awareness, prompt critical reflection, and potentially influence subsequent attitudes or behaviors.

• assessments
• introspection

Employees at HAW Hamburg wide being assessed by means of an online questionnaire in 2025

Questionnaires and interviews were primarily used as assessment and introspection tools to collect data on study participants' experiences, perceptions, and behaviors. Their purpose was to facilitate measurement and reflection rather than to deliver an intervention. However, it is acknowledged that participation in questionnaires and interviews may have had unintended interventional effects. Specifically, the process of answering questions and reflecting on personal experiences can increase participants' self-awareness, prompt critical reflection, and potentially influence subsequent attitudes or behaviors.

• assessments
• introspection

University of California Los Angelese Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS) - 3 Items (Schobin, Arriagada & Gibson-Kunze, 2024), Range 1 (never/nie) - 5 (very often/sehr oft), higher scores mean a worse outcome

Loneliness in private and study context - 9 Items (Techniker Krankenkasse, 2024), Range 1 (often) - 4 (never), higher scores mean better outcomes

Health literacy - 10 Items (Lenartz, Söllner & Rudinger, 2014), Range 1 (does not apply/trifft überhaupt nicht zu) - 4 (does fully apply/trifft genau zu), higher scores mean a better outcome

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) - 4 Items (Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams & Löwe, 2009), Range 0 (not at all/überhaupt nicht) - 3 (nearly every day/beinahe jeden Tag), higher scores mean worse outcome

Subjective health status- 1 Item (WHO, 1996); Range 1 (very good/sehr gut) - 5 (very poor/schlecht), higher score means worse outcome

Student satisfaction - 1 Item (Westermann, Heise, Spies & Trautwein, 1996), Range 0 (not at all satisfied/gar nicht zufrieden) - 100 (completely satisfied/vollkommen zufrieden), higher scores mean better outcome

Higher Education Institution Stress (HEI-Stress) - 3 Items (Schmidt, Sieverding, Scheiter & Obergfell, 2013), Range 0 (not at all stressed/gar nicht gestresst) - 100 (very stressed/sehr gestresst), higher scores mean worse outcome

Artificial intelligence and digital technology use - 1 Item (adapted from Jerusalem & Schwarzer, 1999), 1 Item (adapted from Zhang, Tan, Chew, Hew, & Choo, 2025), 2 Items (adapted from Chen, Y., Chen, G., & Chen, J., 2026), 3 Items (Norman & Skinner, 2006)]

• Democratic competences - 4 Items (Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2025; Die Einsamkeit junger Menschen ist eine Gefahr für die Demokratie)

these outcomes were found to be interrelated with loneliness