Determination of the Effect of Extreme Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction on Hepatic Glucose Production

November 14, 2018 updated by: Jeffrey Browning, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

All subjects will be evaluated by the Research Nurse at the Clinical Translational Research Center (CTRC) Outpatient Clinic to obtain informed consent, a brief medical history, weight, body mass index, waist/hip circumference and vital signs. Additionally, blood will be drawn at this visit to screen for renal dysfunction (Chem 10), liver disease (liver function tests (LFT's)), thyroid dysfunction (TSH), diabetes mellitus (HbA1C), and chronic inflammatory states (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). Subjects recruited to the study will be placed on a low-carbohydrate diet (<20 g/d without caloric restriction) designed either to promote weight loss or maintain weight stability for fourteen days prior to the protocol or they will consume a typical "Western" diet designed either to promote weight loss (restricted by 1300 kcal/d in the final fourteen days) or maintain weight stability for twenty-one days. Subjects recruited to the study will be lean, overweight, or obese and also may carry a diagnosis of NAFLD. Target accrual for total enrollment for this project will be set to 80 subjects to accommodate attrition and screen failures. The details of the low-carbohydrate diet have been discussed in consultation with Linda Brinkley, nutrition staff of the CTRC. Subjects chosen to undergo carbohydrate-restriction will have a teaching session with a CTRC dietician. Subjects will then initiate dietary carbohydrate-restriction on their own and keep a daily dietary record for seven days. At the end of seven days, the dietary record will be analyzed. The CTRC will then prepare all meals for the final seven days of the diet in accordance with daily caloric intake calculated from the dietary record. Calorie-restricted participants will keep a dietary record for one week while eating a typical "Western" diet. The dietician will analyze this record and meals restricted by 1300 kcal/d will be prepared by the CTRC for the final fourteen days of the diet. Alternatively, some subjects eating a typical "Western" diet may consume prepared meals with a fixed content of carbohydrate, fat, and protein that is unrelated to their pre-study dietary intake. In this scenario, the dietary carbohydrate content may be varied between 30 and 60% to provide information on differences in hepatic metabolism under conditions of differing, but clinically sustainable, carbohydrate intake. All participants will be admitted to the CTRC the night prior to the study and begin an overnight fast after dinner. Between 18:00 and 09:00, subjects will receive two stable isotope tracers orally: [U-13C]propionate at 08:00 (three 400 mg doses given over 1 hour) and 70% 2H2O at 22:00, 02:00, and 06:00. During the study subjects will also be given 0.5% 2H2O ad libitum. Two 500 mg acetaminophen tablets will also be given at 08:00. Between 08:00 and 09:00 subjects will undergo measurement of their respiratory quotient (RQ) using the CTRC indirect calorimeter (Delta Trac II).. Subjects will then have an intravenous catheter placed and an infusion of tracer amounts of [3,4-13C2]glucose, [1,2-13C]β-hydroxybutyrate and [3,4-13C]acetoacetate will be initiated. At 1 ½ and 2 hours after initiation of the infusion, a 50 cc blood draw will be performed. Voided urine will be collected every hour after ingestion of acetaminophen until the protocol concludes. The subject will then be given a meal and discharged from the CTRC, marking the completion of the protocol. The collected blood and urine will be transported by the research coordinator to the Advanced Imaging Research Center lab for analysis by MRS. Another blood draw (approximately 10 cc) will be done in conjunction with the final MRI in order to measure changes in the lipid profile after the diet intervention. The visits in their entirety will be as follows:

1 screening visit: 20 minutes

  1. dietician visit: 20 minutes
  2. MRS visits: 45 minutes each

1 (optional) overnight visit: 20 hours

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

60

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • United States
    • Texas
      • Dallas, Texas, United States, 75022
        • UT Southwestern Medical Center

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

The study will compare sources of hepatic glucose in individuals age 18 to 65 years matched for age, body mass index (BMI), gender, and ethnicity. Enrollment numbers will be higher to accommodate attrition and matching. The genders will be equally represented in both cohorts. The ethnicity of the participants will be chosen to match the general population in the Dallas area. Spanish speaking subjects will be eligible for enrollment. No cultural or ethnic background will be systematically excluded. The present study will be restricted to subjects who are overweight (25>BMI<35). All subjects will have a normal nutritional status and minimal ethanol intake (< 10 g/d). Because activity level is known to alter hepatic metabolism, the subjects chosen will be those who do not participate in regular exercise above the amount of activity associated with daily living. Participation in concurrent studies will be determined on a case-by-case basis. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants.

The investigators will also enroll subjects diagnosed with NAFLD from Dr. Browning's clinical hepatology practice.

Based upon the need to study the effects of macronutrient manipulation under a variety of conditions, the targeted enrollment for this protocol will be open-ended. This will allow the present application to act as the basis for studying hepatic metabolism under a variety of conditions. The enrollment target is 80 subjects.

Exclusion Criteria:

In order to eliminate confounding variables, the participants chosen will have to be in stable health, on no medications known to alter hepatic glucose metabolism, on no weight loss diet or diet pills within the previous 6 months, and without baseline ketonuria. The present study will be restricted to subjects who are overweight (25>BMI<35). Subjects with a history of renal calculi, gout/hyperuricemia, renal insufficiency, will also be excluded from the study. Pregnant women, children, and institutionalized individuals will also be excluded. NAFLD subjects with metal in or on their body will be excluded.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Basic Science
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Low Carbohydrate Diet
Subjects are placed on a low carbohydrate diet where only 5% of energy intake is derived from dietary carbohydrate.
Other: Calorie and Carbohydrate Restriction
Carbohydrate Restriction = <20 g/d of dietary carbohydrate intake Calorie Restriction = 1200 kcal/d for women and 1500 kcal/d for men
Active Comparator: Low Calorie Diet
Subjects have there caloric intake reduced to 1200 or 1500 kcal/day (women and men respectively).
Other: Calorie and Carbohydrate Restriction
Carbohydrate Restriction = <20 g/d of dietary carbohydrate intake Calorie Restriction = 1200 kcal/d for women and 1500 kcal/d for men

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Time Frame
Liver triglyceride content
Time Frame: 2 weeks
2 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Time Frame
Measures of hepatic and whole-body oxidation
Time Frame: 2 weeks
2 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Jeffrey D Browning, MD, UT Southwestern Medical Center

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start

January 1, 2005

Primary Completion (Actual)

December 31, 2011

Study Completion (Actual)

December 31, 2011

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

December 15, 2010

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

December 16, 2010

First Posted (Estimate)

December 17, 2010

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

November 16, 2018

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

November 14, 2018

Last Verified

November 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 012005-053

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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