Effect of the CYP2C19 Polymorphism in Helicobacter Pylori Eradication

Background: Triple therapy efficacy against Helicobacter pylori is low worldwide, thus alternatives must be sought to improve eradication. Aim: To determine CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism effect on H. pylori eradication.

Methods: A randomized single blinded clinical trial including 133 patients was carried-out. H. pylori infection was confirmed by histology and microbiological test. Antibiotic susceptibility to amoxicillin and clarithromycin was performed to avoid confusion bias in analysis results. CYP2C19 polymorphism "asterisk" *1, "asterisk"*2 and "asterisk" *3 was analyzed by Real time PCR (Roche ®), and nested PCR for CYP2C19 "asterisk" *17 polymorphism. Participants were randomized into two groups for different H. pylori therapies, one with standard omeprazole doses and another with omeprazole doses depending on CYP2C19 polymorphism. H. pylori eradicating was verified by stool antigen testing (Meridian ®). The general results was analysis by statistical computer program and the effectiveness of each therapy was analyzed by intention to treat (ITT) and by protocol (PP).

The study allowed to know the prevalence of the main polymorphisms of CYP2C19 in Bogotá-Colombia, also allowed to know the effectivenesses of the two therapies evaluated for H. pylori infection. Additionally, the importance of personalized medicine in H. pylori eradication therapy was known.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Therapy; H.Pylori Infection; CYP2C19 Polymorphism
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: amoxicillin clarithromycin omeprazole 1; Drug: amoxicillin clarithromycin omeprazole 2

Detailed Description

Introduction:

H. pylori has been declared and ratified as carcinogen I by the World health organization (WHO) International agency for research on cancer (IARC). Globally first line therapy eradication treatment recommended for H. pylori, combines a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) with two antibiotics (amoxicillin and clarithromycin or metronidazole). However, today effectiveness of this therapy is less than 75% "percentage", due mainly to H. pylori antibiotic resistance. Other factors involved in therapeutic failure are treatment adherence and host genetic factors that may affect medication pharmacokinetics, specifically PPI pharmacokinetics PPI play an essential role in eradication therapies, it suppresses deeply acid secretion, thus increasing hydrogen ion potential (pH) above 6.0. This allows H. pylori to replicate more actively than when stomach pH is less than 6.0, therefore improves antibiotic activity promoting greater antimicrobial agent stability and antibiotic concentration in stomach. PPIs action depends on its metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes.Recent studies have showed that CYP2C19 genotype can affect PPIs ability to suppress acid secretion in the stomach, as has been observed for omeprazole. Omeprazole is metabolized by CYP2C19 (90%"percentage") and by CYP3A4 (10%"percentage"). CYP2C19 gene has 21 polymorphisms, three of which play an important role in PPIs metabolism. Thus, depending on polymorphism they are designated as early metabolizers (EM) ("asterisk"*1/"asterisk"*1), intermediate metabolizers (IM) ("asterisk"*1/"asterisk"*X) and poor metabolizers (PM) ("asterisk"*X/"asterisk"*X). Where "asterisk"*1 allele is the wild type allele ("Wild type") and "asterisk"*X correspond to mutated allele. Patients with genotype CYP2C19 "asterisk"*1/"asterisk"*2 o"asterisk" *1/"asterisk"*3 are IM and those with genotype CYP2C19 "asterisk"*2/"asterisk"*2 or CYP2C19 "asterisk"*3/"asterisk"*3 are PM. The presence of CYP2C19 "asterisk"*2 and CYP2C19 "asterisk"*3 polymorphisms predict the individual metabolizer phenotype. In 2006 the CYP2C19"asterisk"*17 allele was found, whose function is clinically important because heterozygotes, with CYP2C19"asterisk"*1/"asterisk"*17 forms are simply considered ultra-fast metabolizers by other authors. The clinical implication of this latter polymorphism relies on the following: if PPIs are quickly metabolized, standard PPIs dose fails to adequately suppress acid secretion, and H. pylori eradication therapy will be less effective if the microorganism is sensitive to antibiotics. A recent work in Colombia to eradicate H. pylori, using triple therapy with clarithromycin or levofloxacin combined with amoxicillin, reported that although the organism was sensitive to these antibiotics, there was variability with the achieved eradication. These results may suggest the possibility that additional factors, different from antimicrobial resistance, can influence the treatment effectiveness in our population.

General Methods:

The aim of present was to determine CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism influence on H.pylori eradication. For this purpose a randomized single blinded clinical trial was done. It was conducted from 2012 to 2015 in Bogotá, Colombia. The study was performed in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines and ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics Committee of the participating institutions approved the study protocol, where all participants signed written informed consent.

After obtaining informed consent, 356 patients were invited to participate in the study. All enrolled participants underwent initial endoscopy, carried-out at the upper endoscopy service, clinical center from Bogotá, D.C., Colombia to obtain gastric biopsy for histology, microbiological and genotypic test. However, due to the strict inclusion and exclusion criteria proposed, of the 356 participants, only 133 were included in the study.

All participants in the study underwent endoscopy of upper digestive tract under aseptic conditions, with a minimum of six hours of fasting. During the endoscopy five biopsies were taken from the antrum and four biopsies from the body for histopathology, microbiology and molecular analysis. For histopathological analysis, the biopsy samples were sent to pathology in separate properly marked containers. For microbiological and molecular analyses three antral and three body of the stomach biopsies were collected and used as follows: one biopsy from antrum for rapid urease test, two biopsies (antrum and one from the body of the stomach) for H. pylori culture and susceptibility test. Culturing was carried out only when one or both additional tests were positive for H. pylori. If the culture was negative, but any other tests were positive, microorganism detection was confirmed by molecular biology analysis (ureA gene detection H. pylori). It was considered a participant was infected with H. pylori when two or more tests were positive. Another biopsy was used for DNA extraction and subsequent analysis of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism.

Culture was performed from biopsies of participants whose rapid urease test and histology were positive, from a biopsy of antrum and body of the stomach on Brucella agar (BD) enriched with 7% "percentage" v/v horse blood, Isovitalex (BD) and Helicobacter Pylori Selective Supplement (Dent) (Oxoid). Following, the samples were incubated at 37°C with 11% "percentage"carbon dioxide (CO2) for 3 to 5 days. Antibiotic susceptibility test from pure colonies was carried-out by agar dilution (gold standard method) according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) to determine amoxicillin and clarithromycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In addition, CYP2C19 polymorphism "asterisk"*1,"asterisk"*2,"asterisk"*3 and "asterisk"*17 were identified for all 133 patients included in this study. For this propose DNA was obtained from gastric biopsies by DNA Isolation from Human Samples from commercial Kit (QIAGEN), and then the identification of the respective polymorphisms was done.

CYP2C19 "asterisk"*1,"asterisk"*2,"asterisk"*3 polymorphisms were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using Modular Assays kit for human CYP2C19"asterisk"*2 and CYP2C19"asterisk"*3 (Roche), according to manufacturer's instructions. And nested PCR and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was done for determination of allele "asterisk"*17 according with Baldwin et al. report.

Due to the study compared two types of therapies, the 133 patients were randomized for received the treatments into two groups by a computer program. Group one or conventional group and group 2 or personalized group. Both groups received amoxicillin and clarithromycin but first group received standard doses of omeprazole and in the second group omeprazole doses was adjusting according to the CYP2C19 polymorphism of each participant.

After performing microbiological and molecular testing, the participants were allocated to a treatment regimen according to a randomized crossover sequence, provided by a computer-generated randomization list. Participants were contacted by telephone for assigned an appointment for treatment delivery according to the assigned group.

All participants were given detailed information about the adverse effects that could occur with the different medications. Verification of possible adverse effects was performed telephonically using a validated and pre-coded questionnaire that included the following symptoms: diarrhea, metallic taste, nausea, bloated feeling, loss of appetite, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and rash. The intensity of each symptom was graded from zero to three: 0: absent, 3: severe, using a Likert scale. Finally H. pylori eradication was verified 8 weeks post treatment by antigen test (Meridian®). For this test, each participants was requested a stool sample. The test was carried-out according to manufacturer's indications.

For the analysis of results, a database of the participants in excel and in spss was generated. These databases included general characteristics of each participant, result of each of the microbiology tests, molecular biology. Descriptive statistics and analysis of the effectiveness of the treatments used were carried out.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 133
• Phase: Phase 4

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 19 years to 70 years (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Subjects with functional dyspepsia or peptic ulcers
• Subjects between the ages of 19 and 70 years old
• Subjects who were referred for upper endoscopy, and had not received previous H. pylori eradication treatment within the last six months.
• Subjects who had not received anti-secreting acid, bismuth or antibiotics for other diseases 15 days before the endoscopy.
• For the study, only patients with sensitive isolates of H.pylori to amoxicillin and clarithromycin were included.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with serious comorbidities.
• Pregnant women.
• Patients allergic to the medications used in this study.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: SINGLE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: amoxicillin clarithromycin omeprazole 1; This group received triple standard therapy with standard doses of omeprazole. 20 mg "omeprazole" before breakfast and before dinner. 500 mg "clarithromycin" after breakfast and after dinner and 1 g "amoxicillin" after breakfast and after dinner for 10 days.	Drug: amoxicillin clarithromycin omeprazole 1; Patients in this received triple standard therapy for eradication of H.pylori with standard doses of proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole), in combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin in absence of antibiotic resistance.; Other Names: Group 1; Conventional therapy
EXPERIMENTAL: amoxicillin clarithromycin omeprazole 2; This group received triple standard therapy, using 500 mg "clarithromycin" after breakfast and after dinner and 1 g "amoxicillin" after breakfast and after dinner for 10 days in addition with "omeprazole" but "omeprazole" doses were prescribed according to CYP2C19 genotype as a follows: a) Patients with CYP2C19 *1/*1 genotype (Early and ultrarapid Metabolizer): 40mg "omeprazole" before breakfast and before dinner. b) Patients with CYP2C19 *1/*2 or *1/*3 genotype (Intermediate Metabolizer): 20mg "omeprazole" before breakfast, 20mg before lunch and 20mg before dinner. c) Patients with CYP2C19 *2/*2 (Poor Metabolizer): 20mg "omeprazole" before breakfast and 20 mg before dinner.	Drug: amoxicillin clarithromycin omeprazole 2; The treatment for patients in this group was prescribing triple standard therapy for H.pylori eradication with amoxicillin and clarithromycin in absence of antibiotic resistance but with different doses of proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole) according to CYP2C19 genotype in each patients.; Other Names: Group 2; Personalized therapy

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Effectiveness of each therapy by protocol (PP)	Percentage	through study completion an average of 3 years

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Effectiveness of each therapy by intention to treat (ITT)	Percentage	through study completion an average of 3 years

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Gender	percentage of male and female	through study completion an average of 3 years
Weight	Kilograms	through study completion an average of 3 years
Height	centimeters	through study completion an average of 3 years
Body mass index	kg/m^2	through study completion an average of 3 years
Prevalence of CYP2C19 polymorphism	Percentage	through study completion an average of 3 years
Adverse effects in each therapy	Percentage	through study completion an average of 3 years

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Javeriana University
• Collaborators: Universidad Nacional de Colombia
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Alba Alicia Trespalacios Rangel, Ph.D, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Graham DY, Shiotani A. New concepts of resistance in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Jun;5(6):321-31. doi: 10.1038/ncpgasthep1138. Epub 2008 Apr 29.
• Sapone A, Vaira D, Trespidi S, Perna F, Gatta L, Tampieri A, Ricci C, Cantelli-Forti G, Miglioli M, Biagi GL, Paolini M. The clinical role of cytochrome p450 genotypes in Helicobacter pylori management. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 May;98(5):1010-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07427.x.
• Sugimoto M, Furuta T, Shirai N, Kodaira C, Nishino M, Ikuma M, Ishizaki T, Hishida A. Evidence that the degree and duration of acid suppression are related to Helicobacter pylori eradication by triple therapy. Helicobacter. 2007 Aug;12(4):317-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00508.x.
• Furuta T, Graham DY. Pharmacologic aspects of eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori Infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2010 Sep;39(3):465-80. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2010.08.007.
• Scott D, Weeks D, Melchers K, Sachs G. The life and death of Helicobacter pylori. Gut. 1998 Jul;43 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S56-60. doi: 10.1136/gut.43.2008.s56.
• Furuta T, Shirai N, Sugimoto M, Nakamura A, Hishida A, Ishizaki T. Influence of CYP2C19 pharmacogenetic polymorphism on proton pump inhibitor-based therapies. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2005 Jun;20(3):153-67. doi: 10.2133/dmpk.20.153.
• Chaudhry AS, Kochhar R, Kohli KK. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 & therapeutic response to proton pump inhibitors. Indian J Med Res. 2008 Jun;127(6):521-30.
• Li-Wan-Po A, Girard T, Farndon P, Cooley C, Lithgow J. Pharmacogenetics of CYP2C19: functional and clinical implications of a new variant CYP2C19*17. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Mar;69(3):222-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03578.x.
• Furuta T, Sugimoto M, Shirai N, Ishizaki T. CYP2C19 pharmacogenomics associated with therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastro-esophageal reflux diseases with a proton pump inhibitor. Pharmacogenomics. 2007 Sep;8(9):1199-210. doi: 10.2217/14622416.8.9.1199.
• Isaza C, Henao J, Martinez JH, Sepulveda Arias JC, Beltran L. Phenotype-genotype analysis of CYP2C19 in Colombian mestizo individuals. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 11;7:6. doi: 10.1186/1472-6904-7-6.
• Arevalo-Galvis A, Trespalacios-Rangell AA, Otero W, Mercado-Reyes MM, Poutou-Pinales RA. Prevalence of cagA, vacA, babA2 and iceA genes in H. pylori strains isolated from Colombian patients with functional dyspepsia. Pol J Microbiol. 2012;61(1):33-40.
• Baldwin RM, Ohlsson S, Pedersen RS, Mwinyi J, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Eliasson E, Bertilsson L. Increased omeprazole metabolism in carriers of the CYP2C19*17 allele; a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 May;65(5):767-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03104.x. Epub 2008 Feb 20.
• Tang HL, Li Y, Hu YF, Xie HG, Zhai SD. Effects of CYP2C19 loss-of-function variants on the eradication of H. pylori infection in patients treated with proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy regimens: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS One. 2013 Apr 30;8(4):e62162. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062162. Print 2013.
• Sugimoto M, Furuta T. Efficacy of tailored Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy based on antibiotic susceptibility and CYP2C19 genotype. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun 7;20(21):6400-11. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i21.6400.
• Arevalo-Galvis A, Otero-Regino WA, Ovalle-Celis GN, Rodriguez-Gomez ER, Trespalacios-Rangel AA. Prevalence of CYP2C19 polymorphism in Bogota, Colombia: The first report of allele *17. PLoS One. 2021 Jan 27;16(1):e0245401. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245401. eCollection 2021.
• Arevalo Galvis A, Trespalacios Rangel AA, Otero Regino W. Personalized therapy for Helicobacter pylori: CYP2C19 genotype effect on first-line triple therapy. Helicobacter. 2019 Jun;24(3):e12574. doi: 10.1111/hel.12574. Epub 2019 Mar 11.

Helpful Links

• Efficacy of First-Line Helicobacter pylori Eradication Treatment With Two Triple Regimens With Levofloxacin
• CYP2C19 Genotypes and Future Applications in Personalized Therapies for Helicobacter pylori Eradication
• Personalized Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication Depending on CYP2C19 Polymorphisms

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ACTUAL): September 10, 2012
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): August 8, 2015
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): August 8, 2015

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 1, 2018
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 26, 2018
• First Posted (ACTUAL): August 28, 2018

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): August 28, 2018
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 26, 2018
• Last Verified: August 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Infective Agents; Enzyme Inhibitors; Gastrointestinal Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole
• Other Study ID Numbers: 00004554 (OTHER_GRANT: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana); 12010U80401200 (OTHER: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No