The Comparison of Different Passive Warm-Up Methods Prior to Exercise

The Comparison of Different Passive Warm-Up Methods Prior to Exercise on Balance and Jump Performance

This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the acute effects of two passive warm-up methods-infrared heating and therapeutic massage-on vertical jump, horizontal jump, dynamic balance, static balance, and lower extremity muscle flexibility in healthy adults.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Healthy Adults; Young
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Infrared Heating; Other: Therapeutic Massage

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 100
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey (Türkiye)
  • Istanbul, Turkey (Türkiye), 34295
    • Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Health Sciences

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18-35 years
• Healthy young adults
• No alcohol 12 hours prior to testing
• No smoking 30 minutes prior to testing

Exclusion Criteria:

• Active musculoskeletal disorder
• Orthopedic diagnosis in past 6 months
• Lower extremity or spinal fracture or surgery within last 2 years
• Use of any assistive device for gait
• Intra-articular injections in knee, hip, spine within last 6 months
• Neurological, vestibular, cardiovascular disease

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Infrared Group	Other: Infrared Heating; 5 minutes of cycling warm-up 10 minutes of infrared application to dominant quadriceps Infrared applied at 90° angle on bare skin while participant rests in prone position Mechanism: IR-induced deep tissue heating increasing molecular activity and passive warm-up effect
Active Comparator: Massage Group	Other: Therapeutic Massage; 5 minutes of cycling warm-up 10 minutes of standardized classical massage applied by trained personnel Techniques used: Stroking (effleurage), local stroking, kneading (rolling technique) Massage oil warmed in hands prior to application

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Vertical Jump Height		Baseline (Pre-intervention)
Dynamic Balance Composite Score	The Y-Balance Test is a dynamic balance assessment tool used to evaluate an individual's ability to maintain postural control while reaching in multiple directions. The participant stands on one leg at the center of a Y-shaped grid and reaches as far as possible with the contralateral leg in three directions: anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral. The maximum reach distance for each direction is measured in centimeters (cm) and normalized to leg length to reduce inter-individual variability. Outcome Metrics: Reach distance (cm) in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions Dynamic Balance Composite Score (%) =(Sum of the 3 reach directions / 3 times the limb length * 100)	Baseline (Pre-intervention)
Vertical Jump Height	30 minutes later after the intervention at the same day	Day 1 (Post-intervention)
Dynamic Balance Composite Score	30 minutes later after the intervention at the same day. The Y-Balance Test is a dynamic balance assessment tool used to evaluate an individual's ability to maintain postural control while reaching in multiple directions. The participant stands on one leg at the center of a Y-shaped grid and reaches as far as possible with the contralateral leg in three directions: anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral. The maximum reach distance for each direction is measured in centimeters (cm) and normalized to leg length to reduce inter-individual variability. Outcome Metrics: Reach distance (cm) in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions Dynamic Balance Composite Score (%) =(Sum of the 3 reach directions / 3 times the limb length * 100)	Day 1 (Post-intervention)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Sit-and-Reach Test		Baseline (Pre-intervention)
Horizontal Jump Distance		Baseline (Pre-intervention)
Flamingo Static Balance Test Score	A balance beam (50 cm long, 4 cm high, and 3 cm wide) and a stopwatch will use. Participant stands on the balance beam with one leg and bents the free leg backward and grip the back of the foot with the hand on the same side, standing like a flamingo. Participant attempts to maintain this position for as long as possible. The time stops if the raised leg touches the ground, and restarts when balance is regained. The test is scored based on the number of mistakes made within one minute. The more mistakes made, the lower the score.	Baseline (Pre-intervention)
Sit-and-Reach Test	30 minutes later after the intervention at the same day	Day 1 (Post-intervention)
Horizontal Jump Distance	30 minutes later after the intervention at the same day	Day 1 (Post-intervention)
Flamingo Static Balance Test Score	30 minutes later after the intervention at the same day A balance beam (50 cm long, 4 cm high, and 3 cm wide) and a stopwatch will use. Participant stands on the balance beam with one leg and bents the free leg backward and grip the back of the foot with the hand on the same side, standing like a flamingo. Participant attempts to maintain this position for as long as possible. The time stops if the raised leg touches the ground, and restarts when balance is regained. The test is scored based on the number of mistakes made within one minute. The more mistakes made, the lower the score.	Day 1 (Post-intervention)

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF)	This measure assesses the types of intensity of physical activity and sitting time that people do as part of their daily lives are considered to estimate total physical activity in MET-min/week and time spent sitting. The distribution of physical activity levels among participants randomly assigned to groups will be evaluated at baseline. In the event of observed differences between groups, the potential impact on the results will be considered in statistical analyses.	Baseline (Pre-intervention)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): February 26, 2026
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 25, 2026
• Study Completion (Actual): June 25, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 26, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 4, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): March 6, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 1, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 29, 2026
• Last Verified: June 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Balance; Vertical jump; Passive warm-up
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Therapeutics; Complementary Therapies; Physical Therapy Modalities; Rehabilitation; Therapy, Soft Tissue; Musculoskeletal Manipulations; Massage
• Other Study ID Numbers: 202573783-2024/115

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No