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Inflammatory Response to Salt in Essential Hypertension

12. srpna 2012 aktualizováno: Carmine Zoccali

Procalcitonin and the Inflammatory Response to Salt in Essential Hypertension: a Randomised Cross-over Clinical Trial.

Salt is a main environmental risk factor involved in atherosclerotic complications and in the high risk of a variety of cardiovascular (CV) diseases including hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and heart failure. The link between sodium and cardiovascular disease is complex and involves blood pressure (BP) dependent and independent mechanisms. Among the latter, inflammation is suspected to be a major effector of arterial damage brought about by the salt excess in animal models. In humans, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) associated directly with dietary salt intake in a population-based survey but such a link was not confirmed in other studies. This apparent discrepancy may depend on the observational (i.e., open to confounding) nature of these studies. Inflammatory cytokines are essential for the short term systemic response to environmental stressors. For example it is well established that TNF-α, a cytokine that modulates renin gene expression by signalling via TNF-receptor 2, exerts a protective effect for the myocardium in a stressful condition like experimental cardiac ischemia while low levels of adiponectin have a detrimental effect in the same setting. Thus, the inflammation-sodium relationship may be non-linear and severe salt restriction may actually trigger inflammation, a hypothesis suggested by the observation that biomarkers of inflammation rose in response to salt depletion in a sequential study in essential hypertensives. However, the lack of randomization in this study leaves open the question whether the observed pro-inflammatory effect was due to change in salt intake or to other, unmeasured time-dependent effect(s). With this background in mind the investigators setup a randomized, single masked, cross-over study to assess the effect of a short term very low salt diet on biomarkers of innate immunity in patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension.

Přehled studie

Postavení

Dokončeno

Podmínky

Intervence / Léčba

Detailní popis

The protocol was in conformity with the ethical guidelines of our institution and informed consent was obtained by each participant. During the run-in phase of the study, which lasted 1 month, patients underwent standard arterial pressure measurements on two separate occasions (at least 10 days apart) and were considered eligible for the study if their casual arterial pressure exceeded 140/90 mmHg.

Patients were randomized to either a 10-20 mmol sodium diet plus sodium tablets (180 mEq/die) to achieve a 200 mmol intake /day, or the same diet plus identical placebo tablets, each for two weeks. At the end of each of these two-week periods, all patients underwent a 24-hours urine collection, a fasting blood sampling and a 24h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (see below).

Ambulatory monitoring was performed with a device conforming with the AAMI criteria (Takeda 2420 model 7, Takeda Medical, Osaka, Japan). Between 08.30 and 11.30 hours, after placement of the device in the left (non-dominant) arm, the patients rested quietly in an armchair for 15 min and arterial pressure was taken automatically three times (at 5 min intervals). Patients then went home and remained indoors throughout all the recording day. They were instructed to spend a relaxed, quiet day avoiding physical efforts. Recordings were set at 15 min intervals between the 07.00 to 22.00 hours and every 30 min during the sleeping hours (22.00 pm to 07.00). The calibration of the ambulatory recorder was performed against a mercury sphygmomanometer before each recording. Patients were classified as salt-sensitive if the changes in mean arterial pressure between low and high salt diet was > 10%.

Blood sampling was performed on the last day of each period after 45 minutes supine rest. The patients were specifically instructed not to alter their smoking habits, alcohol and coffee intake and not to modify the level of physical activity throughout the study.

Urinary sodium was measured by an ion-selective electrode using a Beckman (Fullertone, CA, USA) EA-2 Electrolyte Analyser. Serum and urine creatinine was measured by a colorimetric method using a COBAS-Mira spectrophotometer (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The measurements of plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration were performed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) using a commercially available kit (Technogenetics-Milan, Italy).

Biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial integrity/function High sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) was measured in plasma by a nephelometric method (Dade-Behring, Scoppito, L'Aquila, Italy) (intra-assay CV: 3.5%; inter-assay CV: 3.4%; normal range < 2.87 mg/L). Interleukin-6 (intra-assay CV: 2.6%; inter-assay CV: 4.5%, normal range < 12.5 pg/mL) and TNF-α (intra-assay CV: 4.7%; inter-assay CV: 5.8%, normal range < 15.6 pg/mL) were measured by commercially available RIA kits (R&D System, Minneapolis, USA). High sensitivity procalcitonin (PCT) (intra-assay CV: 2-3% normal value < 0.05 ng/mL) was measured by an immunofluorescence method (Kriptor, BRAHMS, Henningsdorf, Germany). Plasma Adiponectin (intra-assay CV: 3.9%; inter-assay CV: 8.4%) and Leptin (intra-assay CV: 5.0%; inter-assay CV: 4.5%) were measured by a RIA kit (Linco Research Missouri, USA).

Typ studie

Intervenční

Zápis (Aktuální)

32

Fáze

  • Fáze 3

Kritéria účasti

Výzkumníci hledají lidi, kteří odpovídají určitému popisu, kterému se říká kritéria způsobilosti. Některé příklady těchto kritérií jsou celkový zdravotní stav osoby nebo předchozí léčba.

Kritéria způsobilosti

Věk způsobilý ke studiu

18 let až 70 let (Dospělý, Starší dospělý)

Přijímá zdravé dobrovolníky

Ne

Pohlaví způsobilá ke studiu

Všechno

Popis

Inclusion Criteria:

Patients with uncomplicated, untreated essential hypertension (age>18 years).

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients with secondary hypertension, liver disease, neoplasia and other chronic disease.

Studijní plán

Tato část poskytuje podrobnosti o studijním plánu, včetně toho, jak je studie navržena a co studie měří.

Jak je studie koncipována?

Detaily designu

  • Primární účel: Léčba
  • Přidělení: N/A
  • Intervenční model: Přiřazení jedné skupiny
  • Maskování: Singl

Zbraně a zásahy

Skupina účastníků / Arm
Intervence / Léčba
Experimentální: Effect of salt intake
During the high salt intake period, patients received a 10-20 mmol sodium diet plus sodium tablets (180 mEq/die) to achieve a 200 mmol intake /day for two weeks. During the low salt intake period, patients received a 10-20 mmol sodium diet + placebo tablets for two weeks.
During the high salt intake period, patients received a 10-20 mmol sodium diet plus sodium tablets (180 mEq/die) to achieve a 200 mmol intake /day for two weeks

Co je měření studie?

Primární výstupní opatření

Měření výsledku
Popis opatření
Časové okno
Change from baseline of inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-alpha, procalcitonin, IL-6, C-Reactive Protein, adiponectin and leptin) in response to salt intake.
Časové okno: Inflammatory biomarkers were measured at baseline and at the end of two-week diet periods.
Patients were randomized to either a 10-20 mmol sodium diet plus sodium tablets (180 mEq/die) to achieve a 200 mmol intake /day, or the same diet plus identical placebo tablets, each for two weeks.
Inflammatory biomarkers were measured at baseline and at the end of two-week diet periods.

Sekundární výstupní opatření

Měření výsledku
Popis opatření
Časové okno
Blood pressure response to salt intake.
Časové okno: 24h ambulatory blood pressure was measured at baseline and at the end of two-week diet periods.
Patients were randomized to either a 10-20 mmol sodium diet plus sodium tablets (180 mEq/die) to achieve a 200 mmol intake /day, or the same diet plus identical placebo tablets, each for two weeks.
24h ambulatory blood pressure was measured at baseline and at the end of two-week diet periods.

Spolupracovníci a vyšetřovatelé

Zde najdete lidi a organizace zapojené do této studie.

Sponzor

Vyšetřovatelé

  • Studijní židle: Carmine Zoccali, Prof., Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit and CNR-IBIM

Termíny studijních záznamů

Tato data sledují průběh záznamů studie a předkládání souhrnných výsledků na ClinicalTrials.gov. Záznamy ze studií a hlášené výsledky jsou před zveřejněním na veřejné webové stránce přezkoumány Národní lékařskou knihovnou (NLM), aby se ujistily, že splňují specifické standardy kontroly kvality.

Hlavní termíny studia

Začátek studia

1. března 2010

Primární dokončení (Aktuální)

1. března 2011

Dokončení studie (Aktuální)

1. března 2011

Termíny zápisu do studia

První předloženo

7. srpna 2012

První předloženo, které splnilo kritéria kontroly kvality

12. srpna 2012

První zveřejněno (Odhad)

15. srpna 2012

Aktualizace studijních záznamů

Poslední zveřejněná aktualizace (Odhad)

15. srpna 2012

Odeslaná poslední aktualizace, která splnila kritéria kontroly kvality

12. srpna 2012

Naposledy ověřeno

1. srpna 2012

Více informací

Termíny související s touto studií

Klíčová slova

Další identifikační čísla studie

  • SS-011-RC

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