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Legume Flour Particle Size and Metabolic Responses to Bread (PULSE)

15. července 2026 aktualizováno: Amalia Yanni, Harokopio University

Effects of Legume Flour Particle Size on Postprandial Metabolic Responses to Bread of Healthy Subjects and Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of partial replacement of wheat flour by legume flour of different particle sizes on postprandial glucose responses and appetite sensations in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes.

Subjects will consume a portion of bread enriched with legume flours yielding 50 g of available carbohydrates as breakfast meal. To investigate the effect of the bread on glycemic response, a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGM) will be used. After an 180-min period, subjects will be given a second meal and glycemic response will be monitored for another 180 min. During the trial subjects must fill appropriate visual analogue scales regarding appetite sensations.

Přehled studie

Postavení

Nábor

Podmínky

Intervence / Léčba

Detailní popis

The clinical trial will include two groups: (a) apparently healthy adults (up to 35 years old) and (b) individuals diagnosed with T2DM (aged 40-65 years). The study will investigate the effect of flour particle size on postprandial glycemic responses to bread and appetite sensations.

Within the framework of the clinical study, a total of three bread products will be prepared. Their final recipes will be determined after a series of tests to ensure the desired properties and organoleptic characteristics.

Intervention 1: White wheat bread with conventional fine wheat flour Intervention 2: White wheat bread with the addition of 30% finely milled chickpea flour Intervention 3: White wheat bread with the addition of 30% chickpea flour of larger particle size (>1.6 mm)

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

  1. Group 1

    Participants in Group 1 will be men and women aged 40-65 years with BMI < 31 kg/m², fasting glucose > 125 mg/dL, and HbA1c < 8.5%, diagnosed with T2DM for at least one year before entering the study.

    Patients must be on stable treatment (hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive) for at least 3 months prior to enrolment. Most participants will be individuals monitored at the Diabetes Clinic of the 1st Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine at Laiko General Hospital.

    Individuals with conditions that could affect study outcomes (e.g., endocrine, cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, or gastrointestinal disorders), those with sensitivity, intolerance, or allergy to any bread ingredients used in the clinical trial, pregnant or breastfeeding women, individuals with eating disorders, and those taking medications or supplements considered incompatible with the study will be excluded.

  2. Group 2

Group 2 will consist of apparently healthy men and women aged 18-35 years with BMI 18-25 kg/m², who are not following a diet program or dietary counseling during the study period.

Individuals with fasting glucose > 110 mg/dL, blood pressure > 160/100 mmHg, metabolic or dietary disorders, conditions that could affect the study outcomes (e.g., endocrine, cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, or gastrointestinal diseases), those with sensitivity, intolerance, or allergy to the bread ingredients used, pregnant or breastfeeding women, and those taking medications that could affect the study (e.g., hypoglycemic drugs, appetite-modifying medications, or any other relevant medications) will be excluded.

All volunteers, after providing informed written consent, will undergo a blood sample collection to confirm eligibility based on defined criteria, as well as for additional hematological and biochemical analyses. Subsequently, each participant will have a Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) sensor placed by trained personnel according to the manufacturer's instructions, in order to monitor glucose values throughout the postprandial protocol. Measurements will include the period following consumption of the first meal (bread) and a second standardized meal, consumed 3 h later.

Typ studie

Intervenční

Zápis (Odhadovaný)

35

Fáze

  • Nelze použít

Kontakty a umístění

Tato část poskytuje kontaktní údaje pro ty, kteří studii provádějí, a informace o tom, kde se tato studie provádí.

Studijní kontakt

  • Jméno: Maria Christina Kanata, MSc
  • Telefonní číslo: +306937900141
  • E-mail: mckanata@hua.gr

Studijní záloha kontaktů

Studijní místa

  • Řecko
    • Attica
      • Athens, Attica, Řecko, 17676
        • Nábor
        • Harokopio University
        • Kontakt:
          • Amalia E Yanni, PhD
          • Telefonní číslo: 2109549174
          • E-mail: ayanni@hua.gr
      • Athens, Attica, Řecko
        • Nábor
        • 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece

Kritéria účasti

Výzkumníci hledají lidi, kteří odpovídají určitému popisu, kterému se říká kritéria způsobilosti. Některé příklady těchto kritérií jsou celkový zdravotní stav osoby nebo předchozí léčba.

Kritéria způsobilosti

Věk způsobilý ke studiu

  • Dospělý
  • Starší dospělý

Přijímá zdravé dobrovolníky

Ne

Popis

Cohort Healthy Participants

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age: Adults aged 18-35 years.
  • Health Status: Healthy individuals with no diagnosed chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or gastrointestinal disorders.
  • Body Mass Index (BMI): 18.5-27 kg/m² (normal to overweight range).
  • Fasting Glucose: Normal fasting plasma glucose (<100 mg/dL or <5.6 mmol/L).
  • No regular use of medications known to affect glucose metabolism (e.g., insulin, metformin, corticosteroids).
  • Ability and willingness to comply with study procedures, including continuous glucose monitoring and standardized test meals.
  • Informed Consent: Ability to understand and provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosed chronic diseases: Diabetes (type 1 or type 2), cardiovascular disease, kidney or liver disease, gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease).
  • Abnormal glucose metabolism: Fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL (≥5.6 mmol/L) or HbA1c ≥5.7%.
  • Medication use: Regular use of medications that affect glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, or digestion (e.g., metformin, corticosteroids, GLP-1 analogs).
  • Allergies or intolerances: Allergy or intolerance to wheat, chickpeas, gluten, or other ingredients used in the study foods.
  • Pregnancy or lactation: Women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or planning pregnancy during the study period.
  • Recent major weight change: Significant weight loss or gain (>5% body weight) in the past 3 months.
  • Extreme physical activity: Competitive athletes or individuals engaging in extreme exercise regimens that could influence glucose metabolism.
  • Inability to comply: Individuals unable or unwilling to follow study procedures, including continuous glucose monitoring and standardized test meals.

Cohort 2: Participants with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Men and women aged 40-75 years. Body mass index (BMI) < 31 kg/m². Fasting plasma glucose > 125 mg/dL. HbA1c < 8.5%. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for at least 1 year before enrolment.

Stable treatment with hypoglycaemic, lipid-lowering, and/or antihypertensive medications for at least 3 months prior to enrolment.

Most participants will be recruited from the Diabetes Clinic of the 1st Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital.

Exclusion criteria

Endocrine, cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, or gastrointestinal disorders that could affect study outcomes.

Sensitivity, intolerance, or allergy to any ingredients of the study breads. Pregnancy or breastfeeding. Eating disorders. Use of medications or dietary supplements considered incompatible with the study protocol.

Studijní plán

Tato část poskytuje podrobnosti o studijním plánu, včetně toho, jak je studie navržena a co studie měří.

Jak je studie koncipována?

Detaily designu

  • Primární účel: Jiný
  • Přidělení: Randomizované
  • Intervenční model: Crossover Assignment
  • Maskování: Singl

Zbraně a zásahy

Skupina účastníků / Arm
Intervence / Léčba
Komparátor placeba: Conventional White Bread exclusively prepared with 100% White flour
Study participants will consume a single serving of refined white wheat bread prepared from finely milled flour, providing 50 g of available carbohydrate, and served as a control test meal under controlled conditions.
Doplněk stravy: Conventional white wheat bread
Conventional white wheat bread providing 50 g of available carbohydrate
Aktivní komparátor: Wheat bread in which 30% of white flour is substituted with finely milled chickpea flour
Study Participants will consume a single serving of wheat bread in which 30% of finely milled wheat flour is replaced with finely milled chickpea flour, providing 50 g of available carbohydrate, served as a test meal under controlled conditions.
Doplněk stravy: Wheat bread with 30% finely milled chickpea flour
Wheat bread formulated by replacing 30% of refined wheat flour with finely milled chickpea flour, providing 50 g of available carbohydrates
Aktivní komparátor: Wheat bread in which 30% of white flour is substituted with larger particle size chickpea flour
Study Participants will consume a single serving of wheat bread in which 30% of finely milled wheat flour is replaced with larger particle size chickpea flour providing 50 g of available carbohydrate, served as a test meal under controlled conditions.
Doplněk stravy: Wheat bread with 30% coarse chickpea flour
Wheat bread formulated by replacing 30% of refined wheat flour with coarse chickpea flour, providing 50 g of available carbohydrate.

Co je měření studie?

Primární výstupní opatření

Měření výsledku
Popis opatření
Časové okno
Postprandial incremental blood glucose area under the curve (iAUC₀-₁₈₀ min), measured by continuous glucose monitoring, after consumption of the bread enriched with 30% larger particle size compared with white wheat bread.
Časové okno: 0-180 minutes postprandially.

For the study in healthy subjects a sample size of 20 adults is needed, based on a power calculation with an α of 0.05 and power of 0.80 to detect a between white wheat bread difference of 20% in postprandial glycemia.

For the study in diabetic patients a sample size of 14 adults is needed, based on a power calculation with an α of 0.05 and power of 0.80 to detect a between white wheat bread difference of 30% in postprandial glycemia.
0-180 minutes postprandially.

Sekundární výstupní opatření

Měření výsledku
Popis opatření
Časové okno
Postprandial incremental blood glucose area under the curve (iAUC₀-₁₈₀ min), measured by continuous glucose monitoring, after consumption of bread enriched with 30% chickpea flour compared with white wheat bread.
Časové okno: 0-180 minutes postprandially
Postprandial blood glycemic response in healthy individuals, assessed by the incremental area under the glucose curve (iAUC₀-₁₈₀ min) using continuous glucose monitoring, following consumption of bread enriched with with 30% chickpea flour compared with white wheat bread.
0-180 minutes postprandially
Postprandial incremental blood glucose area under the curve (iAUC₀-₁₈₀ min), measured by continuous glucose monitoring, after consumption of the bread enriched with 30% larger particle size compared with bread enriched with 30% refined chickpea flour
Časové okno: 0-180 mins
Postprandial blood glycaemic response in healthy individuals, as assessed by the incremental area under the glucose curve (iAUC₀-₁₈₀ min) measured by continuous glucose monitoring following consumption of bread enriched with 30% larger particle size chickpeas compared with bread enriched with 30% refined chickpea flour. Glucose concentrations will be recorded continuously, and iAUC will be calculated over the 0-180 min postprandial period using the trapezoidal method, with baseline glucose defined as the mean glucose concentration during the 15 min prior to bread consumption.
0-180 mins

Spolupracovníci a vyšetřovatelé

Zde najdete lidi a organizace zapojené do této studie.

Sponzor

Harokopio University

Spolupracovníci

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

Publikace a užitečné odkazy

Osoba odpovědná za zadávání informací o studiu tyto publikace poskytuje dobrovolně. Mohou se týkat čehokoli, co souvisí se studiem.

Obecné publikace

Termíny studijních záznamů

Tato data sledují průběh záznamů studie a předkládání souhrnných výsledků na ClinicalTrials.gov. Záznamy ze studií a hlášené výsledky jsou před zveřejněním na veřejné webové stránce přezkoumány Národní lékařskou knihovnou (NLM), aby se ujistily, že splňují specifické standardy kontroly kvality.

Hlavní termíny studia

Začátek studia (Aktuální)

29. září 2025

Primární dokončení (Odhadovaný)

30. září 2026

Dokončení studie (Odhadovaný)

30. listopadu 2026

Termíny zápisu do studia

První předloženo

15. července 2026

První předloženo, které splnilo kritéria kontroly kvality

15. července 2026

První zveřejněno (Aktuální)

21. července 2026

Aktualizace studijních záznamů

Poslední zveřejněná aktualizace (Aktuální)

21. července 2026

Odeslaná poslední aktualizace, která splnila kritéria kontroly kvality

15. července 2026

Naposledy ověřeno

1. listopadu 2025

Více informací

Termíny související s touto studií

Klíčová slova

Další relevantní podmínky MeSH

Další identifikační čísla studie

  • Γ-2941/02-07-2025

Plán pro data jednotlivých účastníků (IPD)

Plánujete sdílet data jednotlivých účastníků (IPD)?

NE

Popis plánu IPD

There are no plans to share individual participant data collected during this study.

Informace o lécích a zařízeních, studijní dokumenty

Studuje lékový produkt regulovaný americkým FDA

Ne

Studuje produkt zařízení regulovaný americkým úřadem FDA

Ne

Tyto informace byly beze změn načteny přímo z webu clinicaltrials.gov. Máte-li jakékoli požadavky na změnu, odstranění nebo aktualizaci podrobností studie, kontaktujte prosím register@clinicaltrials.gov. Jakmile bude změna implementována na clinicaltrials.gov, bude automaticky aktualizována i na našem webu .

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