Nutrient Value of Leaf vs. Seed

Marvin Edelman, Monica Colt, Marvin Edelman, Monica Colt

Abstract

Major differences stand out between edible leaves and seeds in protein quality, vitamin, and mineral concentrations and omega 6/omega 3 fatty acid ratios. Data for seeds (wheat, rice, corn, soy, lentil, chick pea) are compared with corresponding data for edible green leaves (kale, spinach, broccoli, duckweed). An x/y representation of data for lysine and methionine content highlights the group differences between grains, pulses, leafy vegetables, and animal foods. Leaves come out with flying colors in all these comparisons. The perspective ends with a discussion on "So why do we eat mainly seeds?"

Keywords: duckweed; leaf minerals; leaf protein; leaf vitamins; omega 6/3 ratio.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Essential amino acids compositions for some seed and leafy plantsa. (A) Essential amino acidsb. (B) Methionine vs. lysine content in plant and animal proteinc. aValues calculated as percent of total amino acids. Data for dried duckweed were determined by Eurofins USA for a local Israeli isolate of Wolffia sp. Data for all other plants were abstracted from http://nutritiondata.self.com and are based on USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods). bAll values meet WHO/FAO minimal adult indispensable amino acid requirements (WHO technical Report Series 935, 2007), except for values in red. cThe thickness of the FAO standard lines is due to different requirements for “adults” and “children and adolescents” (WHO Technical Report Series 935, 2007). The range varies, respectively, from 1.6 to 1.7 for Methionine and 4.5 to 4.8 for Lysine.

References

    1. Agboola S., Ng D., Mills D. (2005). Characterization and functional properties of Australian rice protein isolates. J. Cereal Sci. 41, 283–290. 10.1016/j.jcs.2004.10.007
    1. Aletor V. A., Adeogun O. A. (1995). Nutrient and anti-nutrient components of some tropical leafy vegetables. Food Chem. 53, 375–379. 10.1016/0308-8146(95)99830-S
    1. Atanasova E. (2008). Effect of nitrogen sources on the nitrogenous forms and accumulation of amino acid in head cabbage. Plant Soil Environ. 54, 66–71.
    1. Azia A., Levy R., Unger R., Edelman M., Sobolev V. (2015). Genome-wide computational determination of the human metalloproteome. Proteins 83, 931–939. 10.1002/prot.24790
    1. Blasbalg T. L., Hibbeln J. R., Ramsden C. E., Majchrzak S. F., Rawlings R. R. (2011). Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 93, 950–962. 10.3945/ajcn.110.006643
    1. Chibuike G. U., Obiora S. C. (2014). Heavy metal polluted soils: effect on plants and bioremediation methods. Appl. Environ. Soil Sci. 2014:752708 10.1155/2014/752708
    1. Feedipedia , (2013). Duckweed, Dried. Available online at:
    1. Kawashima N., Wildman S. G. (1970). Fraction 1 protein. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 21, 325–358. 10.1146/annurev.pp.21.060170.001545
    1. Kieffer R. (2006). The role of gluten elasticity in the baking quality of wheat, in Future of Flour—A Compendium of Flour Improvement, eds Popper L., Schäfer W., Freund W. (Clenze: Verlag Agrimedia; ), 169178.
    1. Kung S. D., Tso T. C. (1978). Tobacco as a potential food source and smoke material: soluble protein content, extraction, and amino acid composition. J. Food Sci. 43, 1844–1852. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1978.tb07428.x
    1. Landolt E., Kandeler R. (1987). The Family of Lemnaceae - A Monographic Study, Vol. 2. Stiftung Ruebel: Veroeffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes der ETH.
    1. Larkins B. A., Holding D. R. (2009). Zein storage proteins, in Molecular Genetic Approaches to Maize Improvement, eds Kriz A. L., Larkins B. A. (Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; ), 269–286.
    1. Liu W., Zhang Y., Gao X., Wang K., Wang S., Zhang Y., et al. . (2012). Comparative proteome analysis of glutenin synthesis and accumulation in developing grains between superior and poor quality bread wheat cultivars. J. Sci. Food Agric. 92, 106–115. 10.1002/jsfa.4548
    1. Macnair M. R. (2003). The hyperaccumulation of metals by plants. Adv. Bot. Res. 40, 63–105. 10.1016/S0065-2296(05)40002-6
    1. Marizvikuru M., Gwaze F. R. (2013). Characteristics of duckweed and its potential as feed source for chickens reared for meat production: a review. Acad. J. 8, 689–697. 10.5897/SREX12.003
    1. Mozafar A. (1993). Nitrogen fertilizers and the amount of vitamins in plants: a review. J. Plant Nutr. 16, 2479–2506. 10.1080/01904169309364698
    1. Nutritiondata Products (2014). Chia Seeds, Dried. Available online at:
    1. Nutritiondata Tools (2014). Available online at:
    1. Pollan M. (2007, January 28). Unhappy meals. The New York Times Magazine.
    1. Sane P. V., Amla D. V. (1991). Genetics of photosynthesis components, in Biochemical Aspects of Crop Improvement, ed Khanna K. R. (Boca Raton: CRC Press; ), 109–152.
    1. Shewry P. R., Napier J. A., Tatham A. S. (1995). Seed storage proteins: structures and biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7, 945–956. 10.1105/tpc.7.7.945
    1. Shukla R., Cheryan M. (2001). Zein: the industrial protein from corn. Indus. Crops Prod. 13, 171–192. 10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00064-9
    1. Shyur L.-F., Zia K. K., Chen C.-S. (1988). Purification and some properties of storage proteins in japonica rice. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 29, 113–122.
    1. Simopoulos A. P. (2002). Omega-3 fatty acids in wild plants, nuts and seeds. Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr. 11:S163–S173. 10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s.6.5.x
    1. Simopoulos A. P. (2006). Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega- 6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother. 60, 502–507. 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.07.080
    1. Taylor S. L., Remington B. C., Panda R., Goodman R. E., Baumert J. L. (2015). Detection and control of soybeans as a food allergen, in Handbook of Food Allergen Detection and Control, ed Flanagan S. (Woodhead Publishing; ), 341–366.
    1. Wang W. (1990). Literature review on duckweed toxicity testing. Environ. Res. 52, 7–22. 10.1016/S.0013-9351(05)80147-1
    1. WHO Technical Report Series 935 (2007). Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition, 265 Geneva: WHO Press.
    1. Willison J. H. M., Davey M. R. (1976). Fraction 1 protein crystals in chloroplasts of isolated tobacco leaf protoplasts: a thin-section and freeze-etch morphological study. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 55, 303–311. 10.1016/S0022-5320(76)80088-3
    1. Yang Y., Dai L., Xia H., Zhu K., Liu H., Chen K. (2013). Protein profile of rice (Oryza sativa) seeds. Genet. Mol. Biol. 36, 87–92. 10.1590/S1415-47572013000100012

Source: PubMed

Sponzoři a spolupracovníci

Zdravotní podmínky

Drogové intervence

3
Předplatit